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LIPPINCOTT'S UNIT TEXTS 

EDITED BY BENJAMIN R. ANDREWS, Ph.D. 

ASSISTANT PBOFE880B OF HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICS, TEACHERS COLLEGE, 
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

BY 
KATHARINE F. BALL, M.A. 

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 
AND 

MIRIAM E. WEST, M.A. 

GIBLS VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, MINNEAPOLIS 



LIPPINCOTT'S UNIT TEXTS 

EDITED BY BENJAMIN R. ANDREWS, Ph.D. 

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICS, TEACHERS COLLEGE, 
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 



HOUSEHOLD 
ARITHMETIC 



BY 

KATHARINE F. BALL, MA. 

VOCATIONAL ADVISER FOB WOMEN, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 
AND 

MIRIAM E. WEST, MA. 

TEACHER OP MATHEMATICS, GIRLS VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, MINNEAPOLIS 



39 ILLUSTRATIONS 




PHILADELPHIA & LONDON 
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 



A% 



COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 



Electrotyped and Printed by J. B. Lippincoti Company 
The Washington Square Press, Philadelphia, U* S. A. 



©CI,A565791 
m -5 !920 



PREFACE 

Theee is a widespread conviction that girls need more training 
in the kind of mathematics used in everyday life than is afforded in 
the tradition'al courses. The complaint is made that girls fail to 
reason correctly when confronted by practical problems; that they 
lack skill and foresight in transactions involving expenditures of 
money ; that they do not understand how to make approximations, 
how to interpret graphs — in a word, that their " mathematics does 
not function." 

To remedy this condition involves not necessarily more training 
but different training, as well as a reorganization of the mathematics 
courses to meet the needs of the students. Since one of the most 
important needs of girls is an intelligent understanding of home 
problems, the authors have used the subject matter of home eco- 
nomics for their contribution to the reorganization of arithmetic 
courses. The same methods might well be applied to subject matter 
chosen from other realms of experience, and the authors hope to 
extend their work into other fields to meet other needs. 

The purposes of the book may be stated as follows : v^ 

a. To enable girls to iinderstand and to interpret the eco- 
nomic problems in their own homes. 

&. To develop skill in the computations and the methods of 
reasoning involved in everyday affairs so that arithmetic 
may become a tool in effective living. 

c. To make girls readily see controlling number relations 
in practical siituations. 

The family budget forms the basis for the organization of the 
subject matter, thus emphasizing the economic aspect of home- 
making. The material falls naturally into six sections. The first 
section is devoted to a study of the principles' of budget-making and 
methods of keeping simple accounts. This is followed by a study of 
each of the five commonly accepted family budget divisions, viz.: 

5 



6 PREFACE 

food, shelter, clothing, operation, and higher life. These sections 
are independent of each. other, and may be studied in any order that 
commends itself to the teacher who wishes to adapt the course to the 
special interests of any given group of girls or to correlate the work 
with other courses in the curriculum. 

The problems included in each section have been selected in 
accordance with the following criteria : 

a. The subject matter of the problems should be within the 
actual or potential experience of girls. 

h. The problems should be of relatively frequent occurrence 
in everyday life, of relatively permanent significance, 
and of relatively wide or general applicability. 

c. The arithmetical solution should also be the practical 

solution. 

d. The -technicalities or complexities of the subject matter 

should not be so great or so difficult as to obscure the 
arithmetical principles involved. 

The book is intended for use in the regular arithmetic classes in 
the upper grades, in junior and senior high schools, in night schools, 
and technical classes, and in connection with courses in sewing, 
cooking, and home management such as are found in technical 
schools and in vocational schools organized under the Smith- 
Hughes Law, in which emphasis is .placed upon the use of arith- 
metic in practical situations. 

It has been assumed that the girls who will use the book have 
had preliminary training in the fundamental processes of arithmetic 
equivalent to that given in the first six or seven years of school. 
Previous school training in home economics, while desirable, is not 
an essential for students who have had some experience in their own 
homes in sewing, cooking, and marketing. 

The miajor part of the book has been tested by class use in the 
eighth and ninth grades of the Girls' Vocational High School of 
Minneapolis and in the High School of Plainfield, N. J. The results 
of five years of experience seem to indicate that this method 
of organizing and presenting the subject matter has the follow- 
ing advantages: 

a. It capitalizes the experience of girls and furnishes a 
reasonable motive for the study of arithmetic. 



PREFACE 7 

b. It develops skill and accuracy in the fundamental opera- 

tions of arithmetic through repetition of these processes 
in their application to the various phases of home life. 

c. It develops skill in the application of arithmetic to the 

problems of cooking, sewing and home management. 

Generous assistance has comie to the authors from so many 
sources that lack of space forbids specific mention of a large number. 
But grateful acknowledgment must be made especially to Dr. Henry 
M, Maxson, Superintendent of Schools of Plainfield, IST. J., and 
Mr. Lindsey Best, Principal, for the opportunity to develop the 
course in the Plainfield High School; the late Professor Helen 
Kinne of Teachers College for her unfailing faith in the experiment ; 
Professor David Snedden, Professor Frederick Gr. Bonser, and 
Professor William H. Kilpatrick of Teachers College for invaluable 
criticisms and suggestions; Professor Cleo Murtland of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, and Miss Laura I. Baldt of Teachers College, 
for reading the manuscript of the section on clothing; Professor 
Mary Swartz Rose of Teachers College for reading the section on 
foods.; Professor Alice Blester and Miss Ethel L. Phelps of the 
University of Minnesota, not only for reading the entire manuscript, 
but also for arranging all the materials for the photographs. 

The Authoes. 
Januaby, 1920. 



CONTENTS 



FAQE 

Budgets and Accounts 13 

The Family Budget , 13 

Annual Income 13 

Budget Divisions 14 

Budget Making 19 

Incomes in the United States 22 

Economy in Purchasing 26 

Household Accounts 30 

Annual Summary 36 

Personal Accounts , 39 

Shelter 45 

Cost of Shelter ....;... 45 

Taxes 46 

Fire Insurance 48 

Expense of Owning a Home 49 

Drawings for Repair Work 50 

Repairs 52 

Painting 54 

Flooring 54 

Papering 56 

Operation 61 

Household Linens, Bedding, and Curtains 63 

Floor Coverings 72 

Gas and Electricity 75 

Household Service 82 

Clothing 89 

Personal and Family Budgets for Clothing 89 

Economy in Shopping 92 

Home Dressmaking 93 

Amount of Material for Garments 96 

Trimming for Garments 102 

Buying and Making Clothes 115 

Food 119 

Measuring Food Materials 119 

Household Weights and Measures 119 

Marketing , 122 

Dietary Principles 124 

9 



\ 

10 CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Food as Fuel and Tissue-Building Material 130 

Relative Cost of Foods as Sources of Fuel 139 

100-Calorie Portion 144 

Dietaries 146 

Economy in Planning Meals 160 

Minerals in Food Materials 162 

Chemical Composition of Foodstuffs 166 

Determination of the Fuel Value of Foods 167 

Fuel Value of Recipes, Menus, and Dietaries 170 

Table A. Average Composition of Common American Food Products 175 

Table B. 100-Calorie Portions of Common Foods 179 

Table C. Price List 184 

Table D. Weight of Common Measures of Food Materials 188 

Table E. Tables of Weights and Measures 189 

Higher Life 193 

Budgets of Expenditures for Higher Life 193 

Saving and Investment 196 

Postal Savings Deposits 199 

Savings Bank Accounts 200 

Building and Loan Associations 203 

Stocks 206 

Bonds 209 

Life Insurance 212 

Annuities 218 

Buying a Home : 219 

Borrowing Money on Notes 228 

Health 230 

Health Insurance 234 

Beneficence 235 

Education 237 

Recreation 241 

Appendix 253 

Supplementary Work in Equations and Proportion 253 

BiBLIOGEAPHY , 261 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 

The Family Budget 

The family budget is a statement of the probable income and 
of the proposed expenditures for a definite period of time. The 
amounts may be estimated by the week, or month, or year. The 
budget is made by determining beforehand the probable income, the 
probable needs of the family, and the way in which the income is 
to be divided to meet those needs. The budget has been called the 
family compass. Only by following as closely as possible the course 
laid down in the budget, can the family be reasonably certain of 
attaining its desired goal. 

Annual Income 

Successful budget-making must be based upon an accurate esti- 
mate of the family income. If a man is employed by the year his 
income is more or less fixed; if he depends upon the day's wages 
his income will depend upon whether or not he is continuously 
employed; if he is a farmer his income depends upon success with 
his crops ; if he is a doctor or lawyer his income varies from month 
to month according to the number of his patients or clients. 

exekcise I 

1. Mary Brown worked for 4 months in a millinery shop at $13 
a week. She was laid off during the slack season, and after 7 weeks 
secured work as a salesgirl at $13 a week. Illness kept her away 
for 3 weeks. She spent 2 more weeks seeking work and finally 
secured a position in a millinery shop at $12.50 a week where she 
remained until the end of the year. What was her income for the 
year ? Her average weekly wage ? 

2. In trades where there is a slack season the hands may be 

13 



14 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

laid off when the work is light. A man works 9 months and is laid 
off for 3 months during the winter. If he receives $4.50 per 
day while at work, what is his annual income ? His average daily 
wage ? (Estimate 26 days to the month.) 

3. Which is the better job for a girl to take, one that pays $18 a 
week, with two slack seasons of 6 weeks each when she will probably 
be laid off, or a steady job that pays $14 a week? If she takes 
the first, how much should she set aside each week to provide for 
the periods of unemployment? 

4. A public school teacher receives $85 a month for 10 months. 
What is her annual income ? Her average monthly income ? 

5. What is the total annual income of a lawyer who clears $2375 
in his practice and who receives interest from $4000 invested in 
bonds at 6 per cent. ? What is his average monthly income ? 

6. Mrs. Lewis found upon going over the accounts that the 
profits from the farm for the past five years had been as follows : 
$2100, $1800, $1500, $1600, $2000. What was the average yearly 
income? What would you advise Mrs. Lewis to use as the basis 
for her budget? Why? 

Budget Divisions 

A budget, properly speaking, is an estimated division of the 
income into proposed expenditures for various purposes. The term 
is also used to signify the actual division of the expenditures for a 
year. The two kinds of budgets are sometimes distinguished by 
the terms " actual budget " and " theoretical budget." 

Actual budgets are an aid in making theoretical budgets. The 
experience of others serves to show the possibilities and limitations 
of an income, but cannot be an infallible guide. In each family 
there are special needs to be met and special difficulties to be 
overcome. 

In studying budgets, allowance must be made for the fact that 
most of the budget data available were compiled previous to the 
Grreat War, when prices were lower. 

In budget making, the nature of the expenditures to be included 
in each division should be carefully determined, and the expendi- 
tures grouped under the proper heading. General directions regard- 
ing the items to be included in each group are as follows : 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



15 



I. Food : All articles of food. 

II. Shelter: Eent, taxes, insurance, repairs, interest on mort- 
3, car-fare to and from work. 

III. Clothing: All articles of clothing, including underwear, 
dresses, suits, shoes, hats, etc. ; materials for making such articles ; 
cost of making and repairing them. 

IV. Operation: Fuel for heat and light, household supplies, 
refurnishing, repairs, service (including laundry and expense of 
barber, etc.), telephone, express, and all other items connected 
with running the home plant. 

V. Advancement or Higher Life: Church, benevolence, insur- 
ance, savings, travel, books, recreation, health, entertainment, edu- 
cation, postage, telegrams, the pleasures which make for social 
advancement, and other things not necessary to the maintenance 
of the merely physical efficiency of the family. 



EXEKCISE II 

The per cent, of the income spent for each division of the budget 
is found by dividing the actual amount of money spent for items 
in that division by the total amount of the income. 

ProMem. — Find the per cent, of the income spent on each division of 
the budget if the total income of $1200 was spent as follows: Food, $414; 
shelter, $240; clothing, $208; operation, $158; advancement, $180. 

Thus: $414 -f- $1200 =.345, or 34.5 per cent., for food. 
$240 -f- $1200 = .20, or 20 per cent., for shelter. 

1. The following are actual budgets of families in different 
parts of the United States. Find in each case the per cent, of the 
income spent for each of the five divisions of the budget, and 
tabulate the results. Include incidentals under advancement. 







Actual, Familt Budgets^ 






In- 
come 


Occupation 


Food 


Shelter 


Clothing 


Operation 


Advance- 
ment 


In- 
cidentals 


1. 


$673 


Business man . 


$274 


$105 


$90 


$62 


$111 


$31 


2. 


1007 


Mechanic 


361 


168 


134 


66 


237 


41 


3. 


1400 


Capitalist. . . . 


456 


345 


100 


291 


25 


183 


4. 


1500 


Geologist .... 


220 


270 


160 


260 


550 


40 


5. 


1800 


High School 


















Teacher .... 


216 


360 


225 


209 


740 


50 



^Adapted from Bruere, Increasing Home Effidency. Used by permission 
of and special arrangement with the Macmillan Company, Publishers. 



16 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Group the following items of expenditure in the proper budget 
divisions (following the grouping on page 15) ; find the per cent. 
of the income spent on each division, and tabulate the results.^ 

2. Incomfe $870.00 

jenditures : 

^ 156.00 

^'ood'-at $8.50 a week 442.00 

Clothing 69!80 

Light and fuel 57.20 

Recreation 5.00 

' Insurance 58.24 

^ Papers 5.72 

W Car-fares 2.00 

Doctor and medicine 11.50 

Man, spending-money 18.20 

Stove $14, and housefurnishings $10 24.00 

Church 8.00 

Sundries (soap and washing materials, 

etc.) 12.34 

3. Income ....:.... 1512.00 

Expenditures: 

Eent, $28 a month 336.00 

Food for 5, $9 a week . . ' 468.00 

Clothing for 4 85.00 

Drink 52.00 

Light and fuel 49.00 

Recreation 25.00 

Insurance 26.00 

Papers and magazines 7.72 

Doctor and medicine 10.00 

Church 13.00 

Spending-money (man) 83.20 

Washerwoman, $1 a week 52.00 

Sundries 5.08 

Savings 300.00 

4. Farm: 150 acres. Income $1869.58. Family: Father, mother, 

Margaret. Two hired men and a maid in summer — none 
in winter. 
Expenditures : 

Groceries $81.60 

Meat 10.09 

Medical aid 26.70 

Church 15.79 

Hired men 280.00 

Hired girl 41.52 

'Data for examples 1 and 2 liave been adapted from More's Wage- 
Earners' Budgets, Henry Holt and Company; for examples 3 and 4 from 
Bru§re's Increasing Home Efficiency — used by permission of and special 
arrangement with the Macmillan Company, Publishers. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 17 

Clothes: 

Father $36.60 

Mother • 67.40 

Margaret (age 2 years) 26.95 

Refurnishing 79.29 

Amusements 19.80 

Insurance: 

Fire 33.80 

Life 95.00 

Running expenses 123.50 

Taxes 48.00 

Magazines and papers 24.00 

Books 22.00 

Postage and express 19.80 

Vacation trip 1 13.25 

Club dues 20.00 

Charity 25.00 

Christmas gifts 45.00 

Margaret's bank account 25.00 

Improvements to place 16.80 

Coal 120.00 

Miscellaneous 49.98 

Savings 402.71 



Annual income, $1300. Family: a clerk, his wife, and an infant. 
Monthly expenditures as follows: 

Rent $25.00 

Light 4.00 

Heat 7.00 

Water 83 

Groceries 9.00 

Meat, eggs 8.00 

Vegetables 5.00 

Milk 6.50 

Bread 2.50 

Dessert 2.00 

Laundry 6.00 

Doctor, medicine 2.00 

Clothes, shoes, etc 5.00 

Replacement of furniture 2.00 

Building Loan 5.00 

Health — Accident Insurance 2.50 

Life Insurance 9.00 

Lodge Insurance .86 

Magazines .40 

Newspapers .48 

Recreation 2.50 

Church 1.00 

Travel 1.00 

Incidentals 1.00 



18 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

EXEKCISL III 

In making budgets it is useful to know how much others in a 
similar occupation or with a similar income have spent on the 
different items of the budget. 

Find the per cent, of the income spent for health by wage- 
earning women whose average incomes and expenditures are as 
follows ^ : 

Expenditures 
Occupation Average income for health 

1. Professional $695 $26 

2. Clerical 499 12 

3. Sales 357 19 

4. Factory , . . . 382 24 

5. Waitress 364 11 

6. Kitchen worker.; 342 8 

7. From the above averages, how much should a salesgirl earning 
$7 per week allow for health for a year ? How much per week ? 

Find the per cent, of the income invested in savings and insur- 
ance in each of the following individual cases * : 

Expenditure for sa v- 
Oocupation Income ings and insurance 

8. Teacher $1220 $465 

9. Geologist 1500 256 

10. Teacher 1700 300 

11. Shop manager ... : 2400 537 

12. A teacher receives a salary of $130 per month for 10 months. 
How much should he set aside for savings and insurance during 
the year, if he saves at the same rate as the teacher in example 8 ? 

13. Find how much rent your family is paying for your home, 
or, if the house is owned, what it would cost to rent a similar house 
in your community. What per cent, is this amount of the total 
family income ? 

^ " Tlie Living Wage of Women Workers." Women's Educational and 
Industrial Union. Studies in Economic Relations of Women, vol. iii, p. 78. 

* Bruere, Increasing Home Efficiency. Used by permission of and 
arrangement with the Macmillan Company, Publishers. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



19 



Budget Making 

Budgets prepared from the average expenditures of many fami- 
lies may be used as aids in planning how to live on a specified 
income. The following tables have been chosen as typical of the kind 
of budgets that are available for this purpose. They are intended 
to serve as suggestions, not as fixed standards. The record of past 
expenditures, if it is available, is the best guide in making a family 
budget. 

The following suggested budgets by Mrs. Ellen H. Eichards 
are based upon a study of family budgets and the cost of living 
for the typical American family of 2 adults and 3 children (equiva- 
lent to 4 adults):^ While these budgets were made in 1900, they 
are still significant. 

Table I. 



Family income 


Percentage for 


Food 


Rent 


Operation 


Clothes 


Higher life 


Two adults and two or 
three children (equal 
to four adults) : 

Ideal division 

$2000 to $4000.... 

$800 to $1000.... 

$500 to $800.... 

Under $500 


25 

25 
30 

45 
60 


20 ± 
20 ± 
20 
15 
15 


15± 
15± 
10 
10 
5 


15dz 
20 ± 
15 
10 
10 


25 
20 
25 
20 
10 



The following table is based on the results of studies of family 
budgets made by Ellen H. Eichards, Eobert Coit Chapin, and 
Martha Bensley Bruere and Eobert W. Bruere, modified to reflect 
the recent advance in the cost of living. 

Table II. 

The Division of the Family Income by Percentages for Families A veraging Two 
Adults and Two Children. 



Yearly income 


Food 


Rent 


Clothing 


Operating 
expenses 


Advance- 
ment 


$1000 to $1500 

1500 to 2500 

2500 to 3500 

3500 to 5000 


35% 

28% 
24% 
20% 


20% 
20% 
16% 
15% 


13% 
13% 
14% 
16% 


16% 
19% 

21% 
18% 


16% 
20% 

25% 
31% 



° Richards' Cost of Living, p. 37. 



20 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

EXEKCISE IV 

Find the amount to be allowed for each division of the budget, 
according to standards given in Richards' table, and tabulate the 
results for the following incomes : 

1. Income, $489. 

2. Income, $850. 

3. Income, $625. 

4. Income, $1250. (Use Richards' ideal division.) 

5. Mr. H. worked 53 weeks at $14 a week, received $50 for 
extra work. A son 13 years old worked 46 weeks at $2 a week. 
Estimate the family budget. 

6. A family own their own home which is valued at $2000, they 
raise vegetables to the amount of $120, and in addition to this, 
they have an income of $700. They pay $80 for taxes, insurance, 
and repairs. If property in this locality rents for 10 per cent, of its 
value, allowing for repairs, taxes, etc., how much gross income does 
the house theoretically add to the family income ? How much net 
income ? Estimate the family budget. 

7. The Wentworths own a house valued at $12,000. Mr. Went- 
worth's income from other sources has been reduced from $6000 
to $1200. Estimating that the property could be rented for 8 per 
cent, of its value, and allowing 3.5 per cent, for taxes, repairs, etc., 
how much, net, does the property add to his income ? Make' out a 
theoretical budget for the family. How would you suggest that the 
Wentworths modify their plan of living to conform to the standards ? 

Find the amount of money to be allowed for each division of 
the budget for the following incomes, using the percentages given in 
Table II, page 19: 

8. $1275. 

9. $4550. 

10. $2100. 

11. A teacher has a salary of $1200, his wife gives music lessons 
for four hours a week at $1 an hour. Make out a year's budget 
for the family. 

12. Make out a budget for a family whose income is derived 
from the following sources: (a) House valued at $3000 (property 
in the vicinity rents for 10 per cent, of its value, including allow- 
ance of 4 per cent, for repairs, taxes, and other outgoes) . (&) Man's 
salary, $1100. (c) Wife's income from magazine articles, $180. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 21 

EXEECISE V 

In each of the following joroblems, state the authority on which 
you base your estimates : 

1. A mechanic earning $25 a week wishes to rent a house in this 
community. He has a wife and 3 children. How much rent would 
you advise him to pay? AYhat kind of house can he get for that 
amount? Select a house and, if possible, inspect it and report 
regarding condition, number of rooms, location, and improvements. 

2. A salesman whose salary is $125 per month wishes to rent a 
house in or near this community. How much can he afford to pay ? 
Can you recommend a house that would be suitable ? 

3. Investigate the kind of shelter that can be obtained in this 
community for a monthly rent of from $10 to $30. Tabulate the 
results with regard to condition, number of rooms, heat, light, 
water, sanitary conditions. 

4. How much can a salesgirl whose weekly wages are $12 
afford to pay for board and lodging ? Where can she find board and 
lodging at that price in this community? Make a monthly budget 
for this girl. 

5. Make out a budget for a stenographer whose wages are $15 
a week. Include board and lodging. 

6. Find how much is allowed per person per day in each of the 
budgets in Eichards' table. 

7. The Life Extension Institute in 1917 prepared adequate meals 
for 12 policemen for 3 weeks at a cost of 25 cents per person per day 
for food. If meals for a family of 4 were prepared on this basis, 
what would be the cost per week ? Per year ? According to 
Eichards' table, what would be the minimum annual income with 
such a food, expenditure ? 

8. In Chicago a similar experiment was carried on at a daily 
cost of $.45 for food. On this basis, what would be the annual 
minimum income ? 

9. If summarized household accounts for your family for the 
past year are available, find the per cent, of the income spent on 
each division of the budget in your home. 

10. If you have an allowance, make out a list of all the items 
for which you have spent your money during the last two months, 



22 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

and from this make a budget. Choose your own budget headings, 
and tabulate the results. 

11. Make out an itemized list of all the money that your family 
has spent for your clothes, car fare, education, amusement, and 
health, during the past year. Tabulate these expenditures accord- 
ing to such budget headings as you may choose, and estimate the 
allowance you would need if you were allowed to pay all your 
personal expenses. 

18. In a similar way estimate your budget for a year in college or 
normal school, including fees, travelling expenses, board, and books. 

Incomes in the United States 

The problem of providing for the needs of a family on a small 
income is one that is common to the majority of families in the 
United States. This fact is shown by the figures in the following 
tables. Although they are based on data gathered before the increase 
in wages due to the Great War, nevertheless since the cost of living 
also increased, the fact still remains that a large per cent, of the fami- 
lies of the United States subsist on relatively small incomes, 

EkEECISE VI 

1. If there are approximately 27,945,000 families in the United 
States, find the total number of families in each income group 
according to the following table : 

The Estimated Percentage Distribution of Income in the Continental 
United States in 1910" 

Percentage of families 
Family income having given incomes 

Under $700 38.92 

700 to 1,199 42.77 

1,200 to 1,499 8.62 

1,500 to 1,999 4.55 

2,000 to 3,999 3.53 

4,000 to 9,999 1.15 

10,000 to 9,999 40 

50,000 to 1,999,999 0598 

2,000,000 to 50,000,000 0002 

° Adapted from King's The Wealth and Income of the People of the 
United States. Used by permission of and special arrangement with the 
Macmillan Company, Publishers. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 23 

2. Find the total number of incomes that paid income taxes 
according to the following table: 

Table of Incomes on which Taxes were Paid in the United States 

IN 1914. 

( Compiled from reports of income taxes ) . 

Number of incomes 
Annual income in each class 

Exceeding $500,000 174 

$100,000 to $500,000 2,174 

20,000 to 100,000 28,509 

10,000 to 20,000 49,931 

5,000 to 10,000 127,448 

3,000 to 5,000 149,279 

3. Find the per cent, of incomes in the above table exceeding 
$500,000. 

4. Find the per cent, of incomes in each of the other income 
groups. 

5. If it is assumed that each of the incomes in the above table 
represents the income of a family, and if, as has been estimated, 
there were approximately 27,945,000 families in the United States, 
how many family incomes were below $3000? 

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF INCOMES 

Some facts in regard to incomes can be made clearer by means 
of charts. This method of using pictures to represent numbers 
has the advantage of making the relative size of numbers apparent 
at a glance. It is a method commonly used for the purpose of 
calling attention to facts that might escape observation if stated 
numerically. 

Thus the relative size of two numbers such as 3 and 5 can be 
represented by two lines 3 inches and 5 inches in length, respec- 
tively. In that case the inch is used as a unit. Using 1/4 i^ich as 
a unit, the numbers could be represented by lines % inch and II4 
inches in length. If larger numbers are to be represented, it is 
convenient to use a smaller unit of measure. 

For this graphic work it is convenient to use paper ruled in 
squares, variously called quadrille, or cross section, or graph paper. 
The use of graph jiaper simplifies the task of measuring tlie length 
of lines since it is simply necessary to count the required number 
of squares. 



24 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

EXEECISB VII 

Problem.— Represent graphically the facts stated in the following 
table : ® 

Estimated Division of Income Among the Families of the United 

States in 1910 ' 

„ ., . .Number of Families Receiv- 

i amiiy Income ing the Stated Income 

Under $600 7,000,000 

$600 to $1,000 12,000,000 

1,000 to 1,200 3,000,000 

1,200 to 1,400 2,000,000 

1,400 to 2,000 2,000,000 

2,000 to 10,000 1,000,000 



Under $600 
$600 to $1,000 
1,000 to 1,200 
1,200 to 1,400 
1,400 to 2,000 
2,000 to 10,000 



One-quarter of an inch, or one unit in the above chart, represents 1,000,- 
000, and a line 1% of an inch, or 7 units in length, represents 7,000,000. 

1. Draw a line in the above chart to indicate 5,000,000 families; 
4,000,000 families. 

2. Represent graphically the facts in the following table : 

Estimated Per Capita Income of the People of the United States.' 

Census year Per capita income 

1870 $170 

1880 150 

1890 190 

1900 240 

1910 330 

3. Show by means of a chart the following facts in regard to 
the average prices per week of labor in the various industries com- 
pared for 1894 and 1911." 

Pricesof labor in dollars per week 1894 1911 

All industries, men $8 $11 

Manufacturing, women 5 7 

Manufacturing, men 9 13 

Railroading 10 13 

Mining 11 13 

Agriculture 5 7 

'' Adapted from King's The Wealth and Income of the People of the 
United States. Used by permission of and special arrangement with the 
Macmillan Company, Publishers. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



25 



EXEECISE VIII 

The relative change in per capita incomes in the United States 
during a stated period of time is shown graphically in Fig, 1. 

In this chart two varying quantities are represented;, time and 
the average amount of per capita income. Hence the chart may be 
called a graph of two variables. The value of each of the two 



ft : 














7 ^. 




7 


y^^nn 


y 




.^ 




.' 




jf^ 




> 




/ 




2 




-^ 




- ^"^^ '-X 






S2OO 


-^^^"^ 




;=^ 


^^ 




A - ^"^^ 








'~^'—'~' .*''' 




















•^ i/^n 








































io 


: __ iz. 



/370 /3SO /SSO /SOO 

Fig. 1. — Estimated per capita income of the' people of the U. S. 



l9tO 



variables is measured with reference to two straight lines at right 
angles to each other, called axes of reference. 

The line OX is the horizontal axis, and the line OY is the 
vertical axis. Each unit measured to the right of OF represents 
10 years ; each unit measured above OX represents $100. Thus point 
A which is on OY represents the year 1870. Point A is also 1.7 
units above OX and hence represents $170. That is, $170 was the 
per capita income in the United States in the year 1870. 



26 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

1. From the chart estimate the average per capita income in the 
United States in 1880, in 1890, in 1900. 

2. If the changes in the per capita income occurred, gradually, 
as indicated by the line on the chart, estimate from the chart the 
per capita income in 1885, 1888, 1895, 1899, 1905. 

3. According to the chart, when was the per capita income in the 
United States approximately $190 ? $200 ? $300 ? 

4. If the total income (i.e., the sum of all the family incomes) 
of a country were divided equally among the families in that country, 
10 per cent, of the families would receive 10 per cent, of the income, 
20 per cent, of the families would receive 20 per cent, of the income, 
etc. Make a chart using two variables to illustrate such a theo- 
retical division. 

Directions. — Measure the per cent, of the families to the right 
of the vertical axis and measure the per cent, of the income above 
the horizontal axis. 

5. The following table shows in a general way the distribution of 
incomes in the United States. Illustrate by means of a graph drawn 
on the same chart as example 4. 

Estimated Percentage Distribution of Incomes in the United States 

IN 1910 » 

Percentage of 
families, beginning Percentage of total 

with the poorest income received 

7 2 

26 11 

39 19 

51 27 

61 35 

75 49 . 

86 59 

98 80 

100 " 100 

Economy in Purchasing 

Thrift and economy depend in part upon skill in buying reliable 
goods at reasonable prices. Special prices may sometimes be secured 
through purchasing in large quantities, through securing a discount 



'Adapted from King's The Wealth and Income of the People of the 
United States. Used by permission of and special arrangement with the 
Macmillan Company, Publishers. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 27 

by paying cash, and through purchasing at a favorable season. 
Small reductions in prices which considered alone might seem insig- 
nificant, result in an appreciable lowering of the expenditures if 
they apply to a large number of purchases. 

When a reduction is secured in the price of an article, the 
relation between the amount of money saved and the cost of the 
article may be called the per cent, of saving. Thus a housekeeper 
makes two purchases at a sale. She buys an article worth $1 for 95 
cents and one worth 50 cents for 45 cents. On each article she 
makes an actual saving of 5 cents. It is easily seen, however, that 
the second purchase is the better bargain of the two. On the second, 
the 5 cents saved is 10 per cent, of the value of the article, while on 
the first, the 5 cents saved is only 5 per cent, of the value of the 
article. 

EXERCISE IX 

Problem. — If sugar is sold at 9 cents a pound, or 11% pounds for 
$1, what is the per cent, of saving in buying it one dollar's worth at a time? 
llVa X $.09 = $1.04, the cost of 11% pounds of sugar at 9 cents. 
$1.04 — $1. = $.04, the actual saving. 

.04 -^ 1.04= .038, or 3.8 per cent., the per cent, of saving. 

1. Oatmeal can be bought for 6 cents a pound or, 10 pounds 
for 50 cents. What is the per cent, of saving in buying it by the 
10 pounds? 

2. If a pound of flour costs 9 cents, what is the per cent, of 
saving in buying it by the barrel at $14? (196 pounds per barrel.) 

3. If eggs cost 60 cents a dozen, what is the per cent, of saving 
in buying eggs by the crate of 15 dozen at $6.45 ? 

4. Coal is sold for $10 a ton. A discount of 25 cents is given for 
payment by cash within 5 days. What is the per cent, of saving 
effected by paying cash ? 

5. AVhat is the per cent, of saving in buying vanilla extract in 
a i/o-pt. bottle at $.75 over buying it in a 2-oz. bottle at $.25? (16 
oz. = 1 pt.) 

6. What is the saving per lb. in buying cocoa in 5-lb. boxes 
at $1.64 over buying it in a half-pound box at $.18? What is the 
per cent, of saving? 

7. What is the per cent, of saving in buying olive oil by the 
gallon at $7.60 over buying it by the quart at $3? 

8. If 1 lb. of cornmeal can be bought for 7 cents and a 5-lb. pack- 
age for 32 cents, what is the per cent, of saving in buying cornmeal 
by the 5-lb. package? 



28 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

9. If an average saving of 5 per cent, could be realized on all 
purchases, find the actual saving in purchases which would otherwise 
amount to $10, $40, $90, $100, $500. 

10. A discount of 10 per cent, is allowed on gas bills paid before 
the tenth of the month. Find the actual amount of money that could 
be saved by a family in a year if the average of the monthly bills 
is $6.35. 

11. A store allows a discount of 2 per cent, for ca,sh. Find the 
actual amount of money saved by cash payments by a family in a year 
if the average of the monthly bills was $43.82. 

12. Bring in illustrations of ways in which your family save 
through buying in quantities. 

13. How could three or- four small families in a neighborhood 
reduce the cost of living through cooperation in purchasing supplies ? 

14. How does the public library in a town illustrate the principle 
of cooperative buying? The public school system? The street 
lighting system ? The system of garbage collection ? 

EXEECISE X 

The actual amount of increase in the cost of an article should be 
Judged in relation to its original cost. This relation should be 
expressed in terms of per cent. 

Thus, if the cost of flour is increased from $1 a bag to $1.05, 
the 5 cents increase in price is 5 per cent, of the value; if the 
cost of potatoes is increased from 50 to 55 cents a bushel, the 5 cents 
increase in price is 10 per cent, of the value. 

1. The price of beans was increased from 6 to 15 cents a pound. 
Find the per cent, of increase. 

2. Cotton-seed table oil costs 50 centsi a pint or $1.60 for a 
2-quart can. Find the per 'cent, of increase in the cost of 2 quarts 
of this oil purchased by the pint over the same amount purchased by 
the 2-quart can. 

3. Through an error in estimating the amount of material 
needed for bias trimming on a dress, a girl bought % of a yard of 
silk more than she needed. If she needed % yard, find the per 
cent, of increase in the cost of the bias trimming. 

4. On account of tlie war, the cost of a ream of paper increased 
from 60 to 85 cents. Find the per cent, of increase and the actual 
increase in supplies of school paper amounting to $3800 before 
the war. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



29 



5. The cost of living is said to liave increased 331/3 per cent. 
in the 20 years before 1914. If the living expenses of a family in 
1894 were $1200, what would they amount to in 1914? 

6. The weight of a 10-cent loaf of bread was decreased from 
22 ounces to 16 ounces. What was the increase in the cost of 
22 ounces ? 




Fig. 2. — Where the business of the h^ln^^■l 



7. At this rate, what is the increase in the month's In-ead bill 
for a large family which requires six 22-ounce loaves of bread a day ? 

8. Illustrate graphically by means of two variables tlie changes 
in the local prices of eggs during the last 4 months, as shown by 
your home grocery bills. 



30 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

9. Investigate the local prices of meats, cereals, eggs, and milk, 
and find how much they have increased or decreased since last 
year at this time. Tabulate your results, and from your figures 
find the average increase in the cost of these foods. 

10. Illustrate graphically the data in the preceding problem. 

Household Accounts 

Successful use of the budget system depends upon the house- 
keeper's assurance that the money is being spent according to the 
plan laid down in the budget. The only way by which she can 
be sure of this is by keeping a record of expenditures. 

In its simplest form such a record is a cash account, or a 
record of cash received, cash paid, and the balance on hand. 

The cash account in its simplest form consists of four columns 
(see page 31). 

Directions 

(a) Enter in the first column the date of each item of receipt or 
expenditure. 

(b) Enter in the second column, opposite the corresponding date, 
the description of the various receipts and expenditures. 

(c) Enter in the third column, opposite the corresponding de- 
scriptions, all amounts received. ■ 

(d) Enter in the fourth column, opposite the corresponding 
descriptions, all amounts paid out. 

To balance the cash account: Enter the sum of the receipts 
and expenditures, each at the foot of the proper column, and close 
the account by drawing double rulings across all the columns except 
the second one. 

The " balance " on hand is the difference obtained by subtracting 
the sum of the expenditures from the sum of the receipts.® 

Enter the balance on hand as the first item of a new account, 
writing the amomit in the column headed receipts. 

" In cash accounts used in business, it is customary to enter the 
balance on hand in red ink as the last item in the column headed expendi- 
tures, thus making the totals of the two columns equal each other, or, in 
other words, making the columns " balance." In household accounts the 
balance should not be written in this column because it is desirable to keep 
in this column simply items of expenditure so that the footing at the end 
of the month will show the total expenditures for the month. The balance 
may be written for reference in the itemization column on the same line 
with total receipts and total expenditures. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



31 



EXERCISE XI 

Problem. — Make the following entries in the form of a cash account 
and balance: 

Jan. 1. Amount of cash on hand .$20.00 

Jan. 2. Paid for washing 2.00 

Jan. 2. Paid for groceries . . . : 10.00 

Jan. 3. Paid for coal 16.00 

Jan. 3. Paid for flour 5.25 

Jan. 5. Paid for car fares .60 

Jan. 5. Received salary 70.00 

Jan. 5. Paid for cleaning 1.25 

Jan. 8. Paid for eggs 1.40 

Jan. 8. Paid for washing 2.00 

Jan. 10. Paid for potatoes 2.25 

The following is a record of these items arranged in the form of a cash 
account: ^^ 



1919 


Itemization 


Receipts 


Expenditures 


Jan. 1 
Jan. 2 
Jan. 2 


Balance on hand 

Washing 

Grocer 


.$20.00 
70.00 


$2.00 

10.00 


Jan. 3 


Coal 


16.00 


Jan. 3 


Flour 


5.25 


Jan. 5 
Jan. 5 


Salary .' 

Car fares 


.60 


Jan. 5 
Jan. 8 


Cleaning 

Eees 


1.25 
1.40 


Jan. 8 


Washing 


2.00 


Jan. 10 


Potatoes 


2.25 




(Balance on hand $49.25) 
Balance on hand 






$90.00 


$40.75 


Jan. 10 


$49.25 





1. Make the following entries in the form of a cash account and 
balance : 

Feb. 1. Cash on hand $75.70 

Feb. 2. Paid for washing 1.75 

Feb. 2. Paid for 3 tons of coal at .$8 a ton .. . 24.00 
Feb. 3. Paid for 4 bu. of potatoes at $1.50 

per bu 6.00 

Feb. 3. Paid -for 5 doz. eggs at 42 cents per 

doz 2.10 

Feb. 5. Paid for woman to clean 1.75 

Feb. 5. Paid for rent for Jan 24.00 

^"Adapted from Household Management, Terrill, published by American 
School of Home Economics, Chicago. 



32 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



Feb. 6. Paid for 8 lbs. of beef at 28 cents 

per lb $2.24 

Feb. 8. Paid for wasbing 1.75 

Feb. 9. Received salary 72.00 

Feb. 10. Paid car fares .65 

2. Make the following entries in the form of a cash account and 
balance : ^^ 



Feb. 15. Cash on hand 


$4.20 


Lunch-money 


$ .40 


Feb. 15. Paid for: 




Steak 


10 


Bread 


10 


Milk 


05 


Milk 


10 


Matches 

Feb. 18. Paid for: 


.01 


Steak 


.10 




Lunch-money 


35 


Meat 


45 


Coal 


10 


Coal 


10 


Bread 


20 


Bread 


10 


Steak 


25 


Candy 


05 


Tea 


30 

25 

1.00 


Beans 


10 


Coffee 


Milk 


20 


Meat 


Fish 


25 


Sugar ( 7 lbs. ) 


45 


Bread .... 


20 


Coal 


15 


Lunch-money 


45 


Feb. 16. Received f r 


o m 


Coal 


10 


wages 


14.00 


Milk 


.10 


Feb. 16. Paid for: 


.10 


Potatoes 


20 


Milk 


Cake 


20 


Bread 


30 





3. Enter the following items in the form of a cash account and 
find a daily balance : 
Saturday, Feb. 13. Balance 



on hand 
Saturday, Feb. 13. Paid for 

Rolls 

Milk 

Pork chops 

Rice 

Codfish 

Bread 

Butter 

Condensed milk 

Tea 

Sugar 

Flour 

Soap 

Soapine 

Gas 

1 pair rubbers 

Stockings 

Sunday, Feb. 14. Paid for: 

Coffee-cake 



Bread 

$13.00 Papers 

Lamb 

.10 Peas 

.08 Potatoes 

.48 Bread 

.06 Sauce 

.20 Bread 

.08 Monday, Feb. 15. Paid for: 

.30 Stew-meat 

.90 Bread 

.35 Rolls 

.20 Bacon 

.10 Pancakes 

.10 Bread 

.10 Tuesday, Feb. 16. Paid for: 

.25 Bacon 

.65 Bread 

.35 Milk 

Meat for stew 

.20 Greens 



.11 

.10 

.64 

.10 

.15 

.08. 

.03 

.16 

.34 

.08 
.15 
.10 
.20 
.08 

.10 
.16 
.05 
.28 
.07 



"Adapted from More's Wage-Earneis' Budgets, Henry Holt and Company. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



33 



Onions 

Potatoes 

Hash 

Butter 

Bread 

Stamps . 

Papers 

Wood . . . . 

Wednesday, Feb. 17. 

Rolls 

Milk 

Bread . • . 

Bacon 

Beans 

Potatoes 

Fish (bloaters) . . 

Tobacco 

Starch 

Talcum 



Paid for: 



4. Enter the following 

balance January 18 : ^^ 

Sunday, Jan. 12. Balance 

on hand 

Sunday, Jan. 12. Paid for: 

Meat 

Bread 

Horse-radish - . . 

Rice 

Oranges 

Vegetables 

Milk 

Butter 

Potatoes 

Vinegar 

Paper 

Tobacco 

Car fare 

Church money 

Monday, Jan. 13, Paid for: 

Car fare 

Coffee 

Tea 

Sugar 

Bread 

Milk 



.02 Thursday, Feb. 18. Pair for: 

.10 Bread" and rolls $ .39 

.12 Milk ; 05 

.15 Pork-chops 35 

.08 Gas 25 

.02 Potatoes ; . .15 

.06 Turnips 10 

.05 Pepper 05 

Salt 05 

.15 Butter 15 

.13 Friday, Feb. 19. Paid for: 

.26 Milk 15 

.10 Bread .• 29 

.10 Potatoes 20 

.10 Soup-meat 30 

.15 Greens 05 

.05 Onions 03 

.05 Rice 04 

.10 

items in the form of a cash account and 



Tobacco 
Paper . . 
Onions . 
Potatoes 
Coal . . . 



Rent 

$17.00 Insurance 

Tuesday, Jan. 14, Paid for: 

1.05 Bread 

.20 Milk 

.05 Car fare 

.08 Potatoes 

.25 Tomatoes 

.06 Oatmeal 

.15 Paper 

.25 Tobacco 

.10 Meat 

.02 Shoes (mending) 

.05 Wednesday, Jan. 15, Paid for: 

.05 Car fare 

.25 Bread '. 

.25 Milk 

Potatoes 

.25 Paper 

.25 Gas 

.10 Coal 

•18 Eggs 

.15 Meat 

.15 Tobacco 

.12 Thursday, Jan. 16. Paid for: 

.05 Car fare 

.01 Oranges 

.05 Potatoes 

.10 Milk 

.25 Meat 



$4.00 



.15 
.15 
.25 
.10 
.08 
.14 
.01 
.05 
.20 
.30 

.25 
.15 
.15 
.10 
.01 
.25 
.25 
.14 
.29 
.05 

.05 
.05 
.10 
.15 
.25 



'^Adapted from More's Wage-Earners' Budgets, Henry Holt and Company. 
3 



34 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Paper $ .01 Potatoeb $ .10 

Bread lo Rice 08 

Tomatoes 08 Car fare 25 

Tobacco 05 Saturday, Jan. 18. Paid for: 

Eggs 08 Meat 29 

Butter 13 Potatoes . .13 

Slate 05 Bread 15 

Friday, Jan. 17. Paid for : Tobacco 05 

Fish 15 Paper 01 

Bread 15 Milk, 15 



Milk 15 Eggs .08 

Tobacco 05 Onions 05 

Eggs 08 Shoes (mending ) 30 

Paper 01 Car fare 25 

JOUENAL-LEDGEE ACCOUNT 

A simple cash account is of little service to the budget-maker 
unless the items are distributed according to the budget divisions. 
The distribution of the itenas may be done in a variety of ways; 
the important consideration is that it should be done in such a way 
that the total amount spent in each budget division may be readily 
ascertained. 

The combination of a cash and a ledger account as illustrated 
on page 35 may be used for this purpose. This kind of a record 
is called a Journal-ledger account. It admits of many variations 
to meet different needs. 

Directions. — Use the first four columns for the account of the 
receipts and expenditures, or the simple cash account. (See direc- 
tions for keeping a cash account on page 30.) 

Increase the number of columns by as many columns as there 
are divisions and subdivisions of the budget, heading each with the 
name of one division, e.g., the first, " Pood," the second, " Shel- 
ter," etc. 

Enter each expenditure both in the column for expenditures 
and in the column for the division of the budget to which it belongs ; 
e.g., enter $1.50 for sugar in th€ column headed "Expenditures" 
and in the column headed " Food." 

At regularly stated intervals, preferably at the end of each week 
or month, balance the account of receipts and expenditures and 
also find the totals of the columns representing the budget divisions. 

The total of the column for expenditures should be equal to the 
sum of the totals of the columns representing the divisions of the 
budget. This method of proving the accuracy of the work can be 
facilitated by practice in adding horizontally. 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



35 




OOOOOiOOOOOOCnOOOO 



g 



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b- 






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a> p C 



P W 

o c 



36 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

EXERCISE XII 

Problem. — The following is the list of Mrs. Dale's money transactions 
for the first 11 clays in January. Enter the items in the form of a journal- 
ledger account, find the balance on hand, the totals of expenditures in 
each budget division, and check the results. For solution see page 35. 

Jan. 1. Balance on hand $26.70 

Received from salary 150.00 

2. Paid for 15 lb. sugar '. 1.50 

Rent 20 00 

3. Coffee 70 

4. One doz. eggs .60 

Waist 2.75 

5. Book 2.00 

6. Wood 3.00 

Dentist 3.00 

7. Laundress 1.00 

Electricity 1.60 

8. Telephone 1.50 

9. Household supplies .45 

10. Milk 1.00 

Shoes 2.00 

11. Vegetables 2.10 

Car fare 2.00 

1. Arrange in the form of a Journal-ledger account the items 
in the family expense list on pages 32 and 33, examples 2 and 3, 
finding the balance at the end of the period for which the accounts 
are kept. 

2. Obtain permission from your mother to keep her cash 
account for a month, under the direction of the teacher. 

3. Obtain permission from your mother to keep the food account 
for a month, distributing the items under the following headings : 
Meat, milk, butter, eggs, cereals, vegetables, and miscellaneous. 
Find the per cent, of expenditure for each division. 

Annual Summary Sheet 

At the end of each month the totals of the receipts and expendi- 
tures for the various divisions of the budget should be entered on a 
sheet entitled " Summary of Eeceipts and Expenditures for the Year 

Ending ." {See page 37.) On this sheet there should be one 

column in which the months of the year are entered in order, another 
for the monthly receipts, and as many more columns for expendi- 
tures as there are divisions of the budget. 

At the end of the year the totals of the various columns should 
be found. These totals will be a classified summary of the actual 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



37 



o 

go 


January. . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August. . . 
September 
October . . . 
November 
December 


o 

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re ' 


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38 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

expenditures of the family for the year just closed. This annual 
summary is invaluable in making a budget for the coming year. 

A convenient form for the year's summary of receipts and 
expenditures is given on page 37. 

EXERCISE XIII 

1.. Using a form similar to that on page 37, enter the follow- 
ing items which represent Mrs. Brown's expenditures for the 12 
months of the year 1914 and check by horizontal addition. (The 
numbers in parentheses refer to months.) 

Receipts.— (1) $97.35; (2) $85; (3) $85; (4) $85; (5) $40; 
(6) $60; (7) $95; (8) $95; (9) $95; (10) $95; (11) $95: 
(12) $95. 

Food.— {l) $22.45; (2) $20.45; (3) $22; (4) $21.75; (5) 
$22.30; (6) $21.15; (7) $21.40; (8) $22.42; (9) $22.75; (10) 
$21.43; (11) $21.16; (12) $22.14. 

Shelter. — Nineteen dollars for each month with the exception of 
September, when it was $18. 

Clothing.— (1) $15; (2) $2.35; (3) $1.40; (4) $5.40; (5) 
$3.25; (6) $18; (7) $1.25; (8) $3.10; (9) $1.50; (10) $2.05; 
(11) $1.80; (12) $3.15. 

Service.— (1) $15.50; (2) $2.50; (3) $2.50; (4) $2.50; (5) 
$2.50; (6) $2.50; (7) $2.50; (8) $2.50; (9) $1.25; (10) $2.50; 

(11) $2.50; (12) $2.50. 

Heat, Light, etc.— (1) $5.65; (2) $5.59; (3) $14.66; (4) $9.02; 

(5) $3.80; (6) $3.40; (7) $17.40; (8) $8.24; (9) $9.52; (10) 
$6.87; (11) $5.50; (12) $8.03. 

Church and Benevolence. — (1) $1.50; (2) $1.50; (3) $1.50; 

(4) $1.50; (5) ; (6) ; (7) $1.50; (8) $1.50; (9) $1.50; 

(10) $1.50; (11) $4; (12) $2. 

Health.— (1) $.10; (2) $.25; (3) ; (4) $3.25; (5) $4.10; 

(6) $.27; (7) $.40; (8) ; (9) $5.10; (10) ; (11) ; 

(12) $1.10. 

Insurance. — Three dollars and forty-nine cents for each month 
with the exception of February, when it was $18.49. 

Savings.— (1) $10; (2) $10; (3) $10; (4) $15; (5) ; 

(6) ; (7) $10; (8) $25; (9) $24; (10) $22; (11) $18; 

(12) $20. 

Education and Similar Items. — (1) $1.25; (2) $17.30; (3) 



BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 39 

$3.75; (4) $3.25; (5) $1.40; (6) $1.10; (7) $3.35; (8) $3.35; 
(9) $3.75; (10) $3.35; (11) $3.55; (13) $4.75. 

Incidentals.— (1) $.15; (3) $.10; (3) $3.10; (4) ; (5) 

$.45; (6) $.53; (7) $.60; (8) $1.40; (9) $.50; (10) $3.10; (11) 
$.40; (13) $6.04. 

8. According to a report of the Kational Industrial Conference 
Board of Boston, the cost of living increased during the period from 
July, 1914, to June, 1918, for the family of the average wage-earner 
in the United States from 50 to 55 per cent. 

The increases for the different items were as follows : 

Per cent. 

Food 63 

Eent 15 

Clothing 77 

Fuel and light 45 

Sundries 50 

Using these percentages, estimate from the totals of the various 
items in 1 what Mrs. Brown's expenditures might have been in 
1918. Assume that the family income was increased 50 per cent. 
Include under sundries items for service, incidentals, health, and 
education. Increase the amount for benevolence to include dona- 
tions to the War Chest. 

What amount might the family have invested in Liberty Bonds? 

Peesonal Accounts 
The journal-ledger method may be used for personal accounts. 
Each person will doubtless wish to modify the form in some way to 
suit her own needs, that is, to select a classification suited to her 
particular expenditures. 

EXERCISE XIV 

Problem. — Classify the following items of expenditures and receipts, 
and enter on a blank form ruled for the purpose: 

May 1, on hand, $8 

May 1, salary check, $25 

May 4, hat, $4.50 

May 5, shoes, $3.50 

May 5, board, $8 

May 6, 4 yds. muslin at 121/2 cents a yd. 

May 6, % yd. embroidery at 45 cents a yd. 



40 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 







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BUDGETS AND ACCOUNTS 



41 



May 9, church, $.10 

May 10, car fare, 30 cents 

May 10, % lb. candy at 60 cents a lb. 

May 11, magazine, 15 cents. 

May 11, stamps, 18 cents 

May 11, dentist, $2 

May 11, lunch, 40 cents 

May 13, laundry, 75 cents. 

For a record of these itenisi arranged in tlie form of a journal-ledger 
account see page 40. 

1. The following is the list of the receipts and expenditures for 
four months for a librarian earning $70 a month. Enter them 
on a form similar to that used on page 40, and balance the account 
each month : 



Jan. 



. 1. 


On hand 


$1.10 


31. 


2. 


Received salary .... 

Laundry 

Building and Loan 


70.00 
.50 


Feb. 1. 
2. 




Association 


5.00 


3. 


3. 


Board and lodging. . 
1 silk tie 


30.00 

.50 

3.00 

1.50 

.25 

.10 




4. 


2 pair silk stockings. 
1 pair white gloves. 

Stamps 

Car fare to church . . 


5. 

7. 




Church contribution 








( A.M.. ) 

Church contribution 


.25 


8. 
10. 




(p.m.) . 


.15 
.60 

4.00 

1.25 
.05 




8. 
9. 


Laundry 

Year's subscription 

to magazine 

Book (birthday gift) 
Cost to mail 


13. 
19. 


11. 


Church contribution 








(A.M.) 


.15 




15. 
17. 


Laundry 

•Ticket to New York. 


.50 
.75 


20. 
22. 




Lunch and car fare . . 


.90 


27. 




Corset 


2.00 


28. 




Silk blouse 


2.35 


Mar. 1. 




Ribbon 


.80 




22. 


Laundrv 


.55 


2. 




Note paper 

Gloves cleaned 


.60 
.10 


3. 
5. 


25. 


Church contribution. 


.25 


12. 


28. 


Shoes repaired 

Stamps 

Postals 


.15 
.10 
.05 
.60 


14. 




Laundry 





Received salary $70.00 

Board and lodging. . 30.00 
Church and car fare. .35 
Building and Loan. . 5.00 
Dressmaker's bill . . . 6.75 

White thread 05 

White silk 10 

Buttons 10 

Muslin for skirt 50 

Laundry 60 

Car fare .10 

Pleasure 75 

Church contribution. .25 

Birthday card 15 

Bottle of camphor. . .15 

Soap .30 

Laundry 70 

Talc powder 19 

Shoe laces .25 

Wash ribbon 25 

Bodkin 02 

Flowers (gift) 1.00 

Laundry 75 

Church contribution. .25 

Laundry 70 

Board 30.00 

Church .25 

Mission club 25 

Received salary .... 70.00 
Building and Loan . . 5.00 

Laundry 70 

Laundry 90 

Ticket to New York. .75 
Lunch and car fare. .75 

• Suit 22.50 

Underwear 2.25 



42 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 





Gloves ( black ) 


$1.00 


9. 




Cards ( birthday ) . . . 


.20 




15. 


Church (a.m.) 


.25 






Church (P.M) 


.15 




19. 


Laundry 


.75 






Stamps 


.05 






Handkerchief 


.35 




20. 


Carriage to tea .... 


.50 


16. 




Ruffling for dress . . . 


.25 


18. 




Shields 


.15 




22. 


Church (p.m.) 


.15 


19. 




Laundry 


.60 


22. 


27. 


Car fare 


.05 




28. 


Board and lodging. . 


30.00 




Apr. 1. 


Received salary 


70.00 






3 pair stockings .... 


1.00 


23. 




Gloves cleaned 


.10 


25. 


2. 


Building and Loan. . 


5.00 


26. 




Laundry 


.70 




3. 


Subscription to paper 


5.00 


29. 


5. 


Church (a.m.) 


.25 


30. 




Church (p.m.) 


.15 





Hat for suit $5.50 

Note paper 50 

Stamps 10 

Shoes for suit 5.00 

Silk shirt . .' 4.00 

Doctor 8.00 

Laundry 75 

Laundry 80 

Pleasure 1.00 

Gift of flowers 75 

Church 25 

Belting (1 yd.) 13 

Crochet cotton 17 

Collar set 25 

Embroidery cotton . . .08 

Laundry 70 

Board 30.00 

Church (a.m. and 

p.m.) 40 

Slippers cleaned 25 

Laundry 75 



2. Make out a summary sheet for the preceding account. 

3. Find the average monthly expenditures for each division of 
the budget in the preceding account and make a budget for the 
librarian for the following month. 

4. Enter the following items of expenditure incurred by the 
librarian in June. Determine how closely the totals agree with 
your budget estimates in example 3, and discuss the variations : 



June 1. Received salary. . . $70.00 June 2. 



Gloves for dance . . 3.00 
White underskirt . . 3.00 

Ticket to N. Y 75 

Lunch and car fare. .90 
Crepe de Chine for 

dress 7.00 

Trimming 3.00 

Lining 30 



Thread 

Hooks and eyes . 

Ribbon 

Ribbon (narrow) 
Making of dress . 



.20 
.10 
.75 
.08 
6.00 



11. 
14. 

16. 



20. 
25. 

28. 



Building and Loan. $5.00 

Laundry 90 

Laundry 80 

Church (a.m. and 

p.m.) 40 

Slippers cleaned ... .25 

Car fare 10 

Laundry 85 

Carriage 50 

Flowers (gift) 1.00 

Board 30.00 

Laundry 90 

Church 25 



5. Keep your own cash account for 6 weeks and make a budget 
from, the weekly totals of expenditures. 



SHELTER 



SHELTER 

Cost of Shelter 

A HOUSE must be kept in repair : walls have to be repapered, 
ceilings plastered, floors recovered, woodwork painted, etc. Whether 
a housekeeper owns or rents her home, she should understand how 
to estimate the cost of repairs and maintenance, how to decide upon 




Fig. 3. — Interior ot a living room. 

the amount of money that may be spent upon repairs, and how to 
Judge whether proposed alterations are essential, thus adding to the 
value of the property, or are luxuries. 

A common rule for estimating the amount of money to be spent 
on repairs on rented property is the following : In order to obtain 
fi per cent, income from rented property, the rent must be at least 
10 per cent, of the value of the property to allow for taxes, water 

45 



46 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

bills, fire insurance, repairs, and depreciation; these last named 
outgoes are usually about 4 per cent, of the value of the property. 
If alterations and additions are made, other than repairs, an 
additional rent is usually charged, equal to 10 per cent, of the cost 
of such additions. 

EXEECISE I 

1. Find the annual rent that should be charged, and the number 
of dollars that should be reserved each year by the landlord for 
taxes, water bills, insurance, and repairs, if the property is worth 
the following amounts : $9000, $2700, $3200. 

2. What additional monthly rent would you expect to pay if a 
porch costing $550 were added to your home ? If an extra bathroom 
were added at a cost of $340 ? 

3. If a house rents for $20 a month, what is its approximate 
value? If it rents for $27 ? $17? $65? 

4. The Wentworths own their own home which is valued at 
$9000. What should be their annual budget estimate for shelter ? 
How much of this does Mr. Wentworth pay out of his $4000 salary ? 

5. Mr. Eichards sets aside $14 a month to allow for repairs, 
taxes, depreciation, and insurance on his house which is worth 
$4200. If you include also loss of interest at 6 per cent, on his 
investment, what is the total cost of shelter per month? 

6. How much should a house be worth to justify an average 
annual outlay of $340 for taxes, upkeep, insurance, and depreciation ? 

7. If your father owns your home, find the value of the property 
and estimate the amount that should be set aside each month for 
repairs, taxes, etc. Including the loss of interest, what is the cost of 
shelter per month ? 

8. If you live in a rented house, what would you estimate to be 
the value of the property ? 

Taxes 

In order to pay the necessary expenses of a community, taxes 
are levied on the property in that community. Persons called 
assessors are appointed to make an estimate of the value of each 
person's property and to apportion the taxes according to the value 
of the property. 



SHELTER 47 

The rate of taxation is found by dividing the total estimated 
expenses to be paid by taxation on property, by the total assessed 
valuation of the property. 

If the rate of taxation is 1.2 per cent, of the assessed valuation 
of the property, it is commonly expressed as 12 mills on a dollar 
or as $1.20 on a hundred dollars. 

EXEKCISE II 

Find the taxes on property of the following value : 

1. $13,500 at .0065. 

2. $5420 at .0115. 

3. $2600 at $1.28 per $100. 

4. $6430 at $1.45 per $100. 

5. A house is assessed at $3000. "What will be the expense for 
taxes if the rate is 12^ mills ? 

6. Mr. Brown owns a house and lot worth $5400. It is assessed 
at % of its value. Find the amount of taxes on this property 
if the tax rate is I8V2 niills on assessed valuation, 

7. Mr. Johnson owns a two-family house worth $7500. The 
rate of taxation is $1.40 per $100 on an assessed valuation of 
80 per cent, of the value of the property. What will be the amount 
of his bill for taxes ? 

8. What is the tax rate in a city which has an assessed valuation 
of $339,452,000 and which raises a tax of $6,420,340 ? 

9. The assessed valuation of a village is $420,560 and the budget 
calls for a tax of $5420. What is the tax rate ? 

10. What is the tax rate in a city which has an assessed valuation 
of $3,124,000 if the total amount of tax to be collected is $29,450 ? 

11. Mrs. Jones owns property in the city mentioned in the 
above example. It is assessed at $12,450. What is the amount of 
her tax bill ? 

12. Mr. Smith and Mr. Jackson each own property valued at 
$10,000. Mr. Smith lives in a city in which the tax rate is 12 mills 
on an assessed valuation of four-fifths of the value of the property. 
Mr. Jackson lives in a city where the tax rate is $1.30 per $100 on 
an assessed valuation of three-quarters of the value of the property. 
Which pays the higher tax bill? What is the amount of the tax 
bill of each? 



48 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

13. Find out the tax rate in your own locality and tlie assessed 
valuation of the house and lot where you live. What should be 
the taxes on this property ? 

14. The assessed valuation of a certain town is $743,000. It is 
decided to raise the salaries of 12 teachers $200 each. What will 
be the increase in the rate of taxation ? What will be the increase, 
in the tax bill of Mr. Dobbins, whose property is worth $4500 ? 

15. A city wishes to raise $12,500 for improvements. How 
much will this increase the tax rate if the assessed valuation of the 
property in the city is $36,540,200 ? 

16. In March, 1915, Mr. Mason bought a farm house for $3500. 
What was the value of the house at the end of three years if the 
annual rate of depreciation of the property, due to wear and tear, 
was 1.5 per cent, of the cost? ^ What was the amount of his tax bill 
for the year 1918 if the rate was 7 mills on a dollar based on an 
assessed valuation of 50 per cent, of the value of the property ? • 

17. Mary Jackson bought an automobile for $1200. What was 
the value of the car at the end of two years, allowing foj- an annual 
depreciation of 18 per cent, of its cost?^ What were the taxes on 
it the second year, if the rate was $2.40 per $100 on an assessed 
valuation of 80 per cent, of its value ? 

18. Mrs. Kellogg bought a brick house in the city for $5400. 
What was its value at the end of 10 years, allowing for an annual 
depreciation of 1.5 per cent, of the cost? ^ The tax rate in the city 
at the end of the ten years was $1.40 per $100 on an assessed valua- 
tion of 100 per cent. What was her tax bill for the year ? 

Fire Insurance 

Insurance is an agreement to compensate a person or persons 
for a specified loss. A hou^e may be insured against fire or against 
loss by other means. The written agreement is called an insurance 
policy. The sum of money specified to be paid in case of loss is 
the face value of the policy. 

The cost of insurance is called the premium. The amount of the 
premium depends upon the face value of the policy and the rate of 
insurance. The rate is usually quoted as so many cents per $100 
for a given time, for example, a rate of 75 cents per $100 for 3 years. 

^Depreciation rates given in The Wisconsin Income Tax Law. 1917. 



SHELTER 49 

EXERCISE III 

State the premiums on the following policies at the rates 
specified : 

1. $13,500 at 35 cents per $100. 

2. $5420 at 45 cents per $100. 

3. $2600 at 65 cents per $100. 

4. $2050 at 50 cents per $100. 

5. $8450 at 371^ cents per $100. 

6. A house worth $7540 is insured for three-quarters of its value 
at 44 cents per $100. What is the premium? 

7. Mr. Jones took out a fire insurance policy on his home for 
80 per cent, of the cost, which was $3500. The rate was 60 cents 
per $100. '\IMiat was the premium ? 

8. Mrs. Brown found that she could insure her house for three 
years for twice what it would cost her to insure it for one year. 
She decides to insure her house, valued at $2480 at four-fifths of its 
value. If the rate for one year is 45 cents per $100, what does she 
save by taking out a three-year policy instead of insuring it each 
year? 

9. A house worth $3450 is insured for two-thirds of its value. 
What is the cost of insurance for one year at 55 cents per $100 ? 
What is the saving in taking out a three-year policy at $1.10 per 
$100? 

10. Mr. Thompson insured his house for $4500 and his furniture 
for $1000. The rate was 60 cents per $100 for three years. What 
was the premium ? 

11. A house worth $2500 was insured for three-fifths of its value. 
It was insured for five years at 52 cents per $100 per year. During 
the fifth year it burned. What was the actual loss? 

Expense of Owning a Home 

In estimating the expense of owning a home it is necessary to 
consider the following things : 

(a) The loss of interest upon the money invested in the home. 
(6) The cost of repairs and depreciation. 

(c) Insurance on the house. 

(d) Taxes on the house and lot. 
4 



50 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

EXEliCISE IV 

1. Mr. Brown owns the house in which his family lives. The 
house is valued at $3000 and is insured for four-fifths of its value 
at 35 cents per $100 for 3 years. The assessed valuation of the house 
and lot is $3800. The tax rate is 12 mills on a dollar. The repairs 
and depreciation on the house amount to $120 a year. The lot 
on which the house stands is worth $300. The interest rate on 
money is 5 per cent. What is the expense for shelter for one year ? 
For one month ? 

2. The family of Paul Jackson own their own home valued at 
$4000 and a lot valued at $500. They set aside $12 a month for 
repairs. The loss by depreciation is 1 per cent, of the value of the 
house. The tax rate is $1.31 on each $100 of the assessed valuation 
of 80 per cent, of the value. The house is insured for three-fifths 
of its value for 55 cents per $100 for three years. What does the 
family pay per month for shelter if the interest rate of money is 
6% per cent. ? 

3. Mrs. James can buy a house and lot suitable for her family 
for $3200 or she can rent a house for $20 a month and invest her 
money in bonds paying 5% per cent, interest. It will cost $60 a year 
to keep the house in repair. The tax rate based on 75 per cent, 
of the value of the property is 7^4 mills on a dollar. She would 
insure the house for $2500 at 45 cents per $100 for one year. What 
would be the most economical thing for her to do ? 

Dka WINGS FOR Repair Work 

The repairs on a house are of great variety. For some of these 
repairs it is necessary to take accurate measurements and to make 
drawings in order to show how the work is to be done. A house- 
keeper should know how to take measurements, how to draw to 
scale, and how to read a builder's plans. 

Rules for taking measurements : 

(a) Do not measure in the air ; measure along a wall or floor, or 
along the ground. 

(h) Measure in a straight line. 

(c) If the rule used is shorter than the distance to be measured, 
make a light mark on the surface, at the end of the rule, and replace 
the end of the rule exactly at this point in continuing. In taking 



SHELTER 51 

the measurements of rooms it is desirable to use a long tape — a 
60-ft. one is convenient about the house and grounds. 

(d) Give results in feet and inches. 

(e) State dimensions in the following order: Length, width, 
height (or depth) . The signs ' and '' are used to represent feet and 
inchesi respectively ; thus 3 ft. 2 in. may be written 3'— 3". 

Eule for drawing to scale : Let some convenient fractional part 
of an inch on the drawing represent 1 foot on the actual object 
represented. The product of this fraction by the length of the 
object expressed in feet gives the length of the line in the drawing. 

EXERCISE V 
Problem.— Using the scale y^" =^ 1', draw a line to represent 7'-6'', 

71/0 X %"=!%" 

That is, the line must be ly^ inches long to represent 7 feet 6 inches. 
Measurements are indicated on drawings as follows: 

A B C 



< 7' 6" > < 4' -^ 

Scale 14"= 1' 

The distance from A to 5 is 7 feet 6 inches, from B to G i feet. These 
measurements may be written 7'-6" and 4'-0", or 7 ft. 6 in. and 4 ft. On 
drawings it is customary to use the former, in ordinary written records 
the latter. 

In builders' drawings openings in the wall, such as windows and 
doors, are usually indicated on the floor plan as in Fig. 4. Dis- 
tances are measured from the wall to the middle of the opening, 
and from the middle of one opening to the middle of the next, etc. 

The distance from A to Z> is found by adding the distance from A to B, 
the center line of the window, which is 2'-6", the distance from B to C, 
which is 5'-0", and the distance from C to D, which is 3'-6". Tlie total length 
of the room is 3'-6'' + 5'-0" + 3'-6" or 12'--0". The width of the room is 
9'-6". These dimensions are usually written using the sign X to express 
the relation "by," thus: 12'-0" X 9'-6". 

Using the scale 14" = 1 foot, make floor plans of the following 
rooms, indicating the location of doors and windows : 

1. A garage 12-0" X 8-6", with one window 3-0" wide, at the 
rear and a door 6'-0" wide opposite the window. 

2. A room 18-0" X 16-6", with two windows 3-0" wide on each 
of two sides, and a door 3'-6" wide on the third. (Space windows 
and doors symmetrically.) 



52 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



3. The schoolroom. 

4. Your own bedroom. 

5. If the garage in No. 1 is 10'-6" high, with a flat roof, and the 
door is 8-6" high, make a drawing, i.e., an elevation, of the front. 

6. Make an elevation of a wall 17 feet long and 8 feet high with 




Fig. 4. — Floor plan. 

two windows each 3 feet from the floor. The dimensions of the 
windows are 3'-6" X 4-6". They are spaced symmetrically and 
there is 7 feet between the centre lines of the windows. 



Eepaies 

Certain kinds of work are done at a specified price per square 
foot or square yard. For such work, it is necessary first to find the 
total area of the surfaces to be covered, and then to make allowances 
for openings according to the local custom. ^ . , 



SHELTER 53 

EXERCISE VI 

Prohleni. — Find the cost of lathing and plastering a hallway whose 
dimensions are 45'-0" long, 14'-0" wide, and lO'-O" high, at 38 cents per 
sq. yd., no allowance being made for openings. 

45 X 2 + 14 X 2 = 118, the number of feet in the length of the w^alls. 

118 X 10 

q = 13P/^, the number of sq. yds. in the walls. 

45 X 14 

-q ^=70, the number of sq. yds. in the ceiling. 

1.31'^ + 70 = 201^-^, the number of sq. yds. to be plastered. 
201Ji X $.38 = $76.42, the cost of plastering the hall. 

1. Estimate the cost of lathing and plastering a kitchen 16 ft. 
long, 10 ft. mde, and 8 ft. high, at 45 cents per sq. yd., no allowance 
being made for openings. 

2. Estimate the cost of calcimining the kitchen at 20 cents per 
sq. yd. 

3. Estimate the cost of lathing and plastering a dining-room 
whose dimensions are 16'-0" long, 12'-6" wide and 9-0" high, at 
48 cents per sq. yd., no allowance being made for openings. 

4. Estimate the cost of calcimining the dining-room in problem 3 
at 24 cents per sq. yd. 

5. Estimate the cost of laying a concrete floor on a verandah 
28 ft. long and 14 ft. wide at 18 cents per sq. ft. (4 inch concrete). 

6. Estimate the cost of oiling and polishing a floor 20 ft. long 
and 18 ft. wide at 5 cents per square yard. 

7. Estimate the cost of laying a concrete floor 4 inches deep at 
17 cents per sq.ft.in a garage whose dimensions are 16-0" X 12'-6", 

8. Estimate the cost of laying a concrete floor at 12 cents per 
sq. ft. in a cellar, if the dimensions of the foundations are 40-0" X 
22'-6". 

9. Two concrete tracks, each l'-8" wide, are to he laid for an 
automobile driveway from the garage to the street, a distance of 85 ft. 
Prices quoted for different grades of concrete are 18 and 22 cents 
per sq. ft. Find the total cost and the total difference between the 
two estimates. 



54 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Painting 
exercise vii 
Rule. — (a) To find the approximate number of gallons of liquid 
paint required for two coats, divide the number of square feet by 
300,2 

(&) A fair day's work for a painter is 1000 square feet. 
1. How many gallons of paint are required for two coats of 
paint for a floor 16 ft. long and 14 ft. wide ? 

3. How long will it take a painter to give two coats of paint to 
the floor of a verandah 30 ft. long and 6 ft. wide ? How much paint 
is required ? 

3. How much paint is required to give two coats of paint to the 
walls of a kitchen whose dimensions are 13 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, and 
8 ft. 6 in. high ? How long will it take a painter to do the work ? 
(No allowance made for openings.) 

4. How much will the paint cost at $3.50 per gallon, for two coats 
of paint on the outside (not including the roof) of a garage whose 
dimensions are 14'-4" long, 8''-6" wide, and 10-0" high ? How long 
should it take to do the work ? 

5. If a painter charges $4.50 per day, and paint costs $3.35 
per gallon, how much will it cost to give two coats of paint to the 
outside of a club building whose dimensions are 60 ft. long, 40 ft. 
wide, and 34 ft. high ? Do not include the roof. 

6. Estimate the cost of two coats of paint for the verandah floor 
of your home. 

7. Estimate the cost of giving the kitchen wall and ceiling in 
your home two coats of paint. 

Flooeing 
In laying floors, matched boards, t.e., tongued and grooved boards, 
are ordinarily used. These vary from i/o" to 13/16" in thickness and 
from 3" to 4" in width, and are sold by the board foot. Prices for 
flooring are usually given per M, that is, per 1000 board feet.^ 

* It is impossible to estimate the amount of paint accurately by any 
one rule, for the amount of paint required varies according to the thickness 
of the paint, and the condition and character of the surface to be covered. 

^All lumber is sold by board measure. For boards one inch or less in 
thickness the number of board feet in a board is the same as the number 
of square feet in its surface. For a table of board measiire for boards more 
than 1 inch in thickness the student is referred to any complete arithmetic 
or encyclopedia. 



SHELTER 55 

In estimating the amount of flooring needed to cover a given 
area, allowance must be made for workage and for waste. Workage 
is the loss in the process of manufacturing matched boards from 
rough material. A piece of rough board 214 inches wide will cover 
only 2 inches after it' has been tongued and grooved, a board 3 
inches wide only 2i/^ inches, a board 4 inches wide, only 3I/2 inches, 
or 31/4 inches. 

Waste is the loss in laying the floor, due to imperfect boards, 
cutting corners, and loss of short lengths. 

EXERCISE VIII 

In estimating the amount of flooring needed to cover a given 
area, allowing for workage and waste, contractors use the following 
practical rules : 

(a) For 2", 214", 21-2" flooring, allow one-third more than the 
area of the floor to be covered. 

(&) For 3" or 4" flooring, allow one-quarter more than the area 
of the floor to be covered. 

Problem. — How many feet of flooring 13/16" X 2%" will be required 
for a floor 18'-0" X 16'-6"? Find the cost, using clear maple at $54 per M. 

18X16% = 297, th^ number of sq. ft. in the floor. 

4/3 X 297= 396, the number of sq. ft. required in order to allow 
for workage and waste. 

54 
■ir^nQ = $.054, the cost per board foot. 

396 X $.054 = $21.38, tho cost of the boards. 

Find the number of feet of flooring i/o" X 3" required for floors 
whose dimensions are as follows : 

1. 14'-0" X lO'-O". 

2. 16-0" X 14'-0". 

3. 15'-4" X 12'-6". 

4. How much matched flooring 13/16" X 2I/2" will be required 
for the floor in the plan on page 52 ? Find the cost of the flooring 
if clear maple is used at $49 per M. 

5. Find the cost of boards for a floor 16'-0" X 14-6" if clear 
quartered oak 1/0" X 2" is used at $108 per M. 

6. Find the cost if plain oak flooring 1/2" X 2" at $49.60 is used 
for the floor in example 5. 



56 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

7. The dimensions of a basement laundry are 14-6" X 10-8". 
How much will the flooring cost if N. C. pine 13/16" X 4" is used 
at $31.50 per M.? 

8. Estimate the cost of laying a floor 30-0" X 18-6", using 
clear quartered oak flooring %" X 3%" at $90 per M. 

The following is a contractor's estimate of the cost of laying 
flooring (exclusive of the cost of the boards) : 

Labor to lay 1 sq. ft.@ $4.50 per day $.04 

Labor to plane and scrape @ $4.50 per day 02 

Cost of felt, nails, and sandpaper per sq. ft 0075 

Cost of labor and material for two coats white 
shellac per sq. ft 03 

9. Using the above contractor's estimate for laying floors arid 
including the cost of boards, find the cost of laying a floor 16-0" X 
14'-6", using clear No. 1 maple, 13/16" X 3", at $49.50 per M. 

10. Using the above contractor's estimate for laying floors and 
including the cost of boards, find the cost of laying a floor 12'-0" X 
10'-6", using N. C. pine 1/2" X ^V-" at $45 per M. 

11. In the same way estimate the cost of laying a quartered-oak 
floor in a room 18-0" X 16-10", using material 13/16" X ^1/2" at 
$108 per M. 

Papeeing 

Wall-paper is usually 18 inches wide It is sold by the single 
roll, which is 8 yards long, and by the double roll, which is 16 yards 
long. Estimates for the amount of paper required and for the cost 
of hanging the paper are usually based upon the single roll as the 
unit of measure ( Fig. 5 ) . 

Cartridge, ingrain, plain duplex, and velour papers are 30 
inches wide, and only two-thirds as many rolls are needed as with 
ordinary paper. 

The fractional part of a roll cannot be bought. 

It is important, to know that^ unless otherwise specified, a roll 
always means a single roll. 

Practical rules for estimating approximately the number of 
rolls of paper required for the walls and ceiling of a room are 
as follows : 

Rule I (for walls). — (a) To find how many strips can be cut 



SHELTER 



57 



from a roll, divide the length of the roll by the height of the wall 
and discard the remainder. 

(6) To find the number of strips required, divide the number 
of feet in the perimeter of the room by 1^ feet (18"), and consider 
any fractional strip in the result as equivalent to another whole 
strip. 

(c) To find the number of rolls required, divide the number of 
strips required by the number of strips that can be cut from a roll, 
and consider any fractional roll in the result as a whole roll unless 
deductions are to be made for doors and windows. 



Cartridge 



Oatmeal 



Crepe 



Stipple 




Fig. 5. — Samples of wall-paper. 

(d) To find the number of rolls required when there are open- 
ings in tlie walls, deduct from the total number of rolls required 
one-half of a roll for each ordinary door or window; when there 
are large openings such as mantles or fireplaces, deduct one roll for 
each 36 square feet of surface in the opening. 

EuLE II (for ceilings). — To find the number of rolls for ceilings 
proceed as in Rule I, except that in (6) the number of strips is 
found by dividing the width or the length of the room in feet by 
1%, i.e., the width of the paper in feet. 



58 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

EXERCISE IX 

Problem. — Find the number of rolls of paper required for the side walls 
of a room 19' X 16' X 9' that has 2 doors and 3 windows. 

8X3-^ 9 = 2+, that is, 2 strips can be cut from a roll. 
(19 + 16) X 2=70, the number of feet in the perimeter. 
70 -^ 1% = 46+, that is, 47 strips are required. 
47-^2^231/^, that is, 23i/l> rolls are required. 
. (2 + 3) X % =21^, that is, 2i^ rolls may be deducted for openings. 
231/4 — 21/^ =21, the number of rolls required. 
If double rolls are used, the paper can sometimes be cut to better 
advantage. Thus, in the above problem, if double rolls are used: 

16 X 3 -^ 9=5+, that is, 5 strips can be cut from one double roll. 
47 -^ 5=9%, that is, 10 double rolls are required. 
21/^ single rolls may be deducted for openings, or 1 double roll. 
Thus 9 double rolls (equivalent to 18 single rolls) are required. In other 
words, a saving of 3 rolls is effected by using double rolls. 

Find the number of rolls of paper required for the side walls and 
ceilings of the rooms whose dimensions are as follows : 

1. 16 ft. long, 14 ft. wide, and 8 ft. high. 

2. 12 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, and 8 ft. high. 

3. 14 ft. long, 12 ft. 6 in. wide, and 8 ft. 6 in. high. 

4. 21 ft. 10 in. long, 17 ft. 4 in. wide, and 9 ft. high. 

5 Would there be any advantage in estimating by the double 
roll in problems 1^? 

6. A paper-hanger charges 30 cents a single roll for hanging 
paper. Find the cost of papering the side walls and the ceiling of 
a room 14 ft. 6 in. long, 12 ft. wide, and 8 ft. 6 in. high. There are 
four windows and one door. Paper for the walls costs $.50 per single 
roll, and for the ceiling $.30 per single roll. 

7. Find the cost of papering a room 32 ft. long, 19 ft, 8 in. wide, 
and 8 ft. 6 in. high, with paper at $.65 a roll, using $.35 paper 
for the ceiling, if the estimate for hanging is $.30 a roll. There are 
five windows in the room, a fireplace 7'-6" X 6'-2", and two double 
doors each 6'-2" X 6'-8". 

8. Find the cost of papering a room 20 ft. long, 16 ft. 6 in. wide, 
and 9 ft. high, if the estimate for hanging is 30 cents a single roll. 
Estimate on using cartridge paper at 40 cents a roll, and ceiling 
paper at 30 cents a roll. There are four windows in the room and 
one door. 

9. Make a fioor plan of one room of your home and estimate the 
cost of repapering this room. 



OPERATION 



OPEEATION 

The work of the home may be considered as a business with 
the housewife as manager. This business is concerned with pro- 
viding for the family shelter, food, clothing, and also those things 
which make for its advancement. For this business certain operat- 
ing expenses are necessary. These include the following: Main- 
tenance of the proper equipment of the plant, such as furniture, 
household linen, kitchen utensils, etc. ; heating and lighting of the 
home; household supplies, such as cleaning materials; telephone; 
wages paid for service; and all other expenses connected with the 
running of the home plant. 

EXEECISE I 

1. Mrs. Jones made the following expenditures for operation : 
Heat, $58; light, $35; telephone, $24.50; refurnishing, $40.35; 
wages, $200; household supplies, $98.25, What per cent, of the 
total was spent for each item ? 

2. Mrs. Brown, whose annual income is $2000, requires for the 
year 9 tons of coal au $7.25 a ton. She pays, on the average, $3.50 
a month for gas and electricity, and $3 a month for the telephone. 
Four per cent, of $850, the value of the furniture, is needed to keep 
the furniture in repair, and $5 a month is needed for supplies. 
If the remainder of the budget allowance of 15 per cent, of income 
for operation can be spent for service, what can she afford to pay 
per week for service? 

3. Mrs. Brown wishes to hire a maid at $4 a week in order that 
she may have more time for the care and education of her children 
and for reading. If she does this, by what per cent, of the total 
income will she exceed the ideal budget allowance for operation? 
Under which of the budget headings could she classify this excess 
expenditure for service ? 

4. If- the 15 per cent, allowed for operation is divided in the 
following manner : 5 per cent, for wages, 4 per cent, for heat, 2^2 
per cent^ for telephone and supplies, ■ 3 per cent, for refurnishing, 

61 



62 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

and 1^ per cent, for light, find the yearly allowance for each item 
for a family whose income is $1850. 

5. What would be the monthly allowance for light? Could 
a maid be hired on the allowance for service? If not, how many 
hours of service at 30 cents per hour could be procured per week? 

6. Mr. and Mrs. Hanson had furniture valued at $350 when 
they were married. They increased this amount by $54 the first 
year, and $45 the second year. What was the value of the furniture 
at the end of the second year, allowing 7 per cent, a year for deprecia- 
tion? (Allow full value for the furniture purchased the second 
year.) 

7. A dining-room rug, worth $30, and a living-room rug, worth 
$45, were given them for wedding presents. The first year they 
bought two rugs for the bedrooms, worth $8 and $10 respectively, 
and the second year a rug worth $5. What was the value of the rugs 
at the end of the second year, allowing for an annual depreciation 
of 8 per cent. ? 

8. The other furnishings with which they started housekeeping, 
including bedding, curtains, kitchen utensils, etc., cost $125. Allow- 
ing for an annual depreciation of 10 per cent, and an annual outlay 
of $15 for new furnishings, what was the value of these furnishings 
at the end of two years? 

9. At the end of the second year they insured the household 
goods for 75 per cent, of their value at 45 cents per $100 for three 
years. What was the premium ? 

10. W^hat was the bill for taxes on this furniture, if the rate was 
13 mills on a dollar based on an assessed valuation of 45 per cent, 
of the value of the property? 

11. If the depreciation on all the household furnishings of the 
Hansons averages about 8 per cent., what annual allowance must 
be made for furnishings in order to keep the value of the furniture 
equal to its value at the end of the second year ? 

12. If the expense of repairs, replacement, taxes, and insurance 
on household furnishings is equal to 10 per cent, of their value, 
how much money can a family with an income of $1500 afford to 
have invested in them, allowing 3 per cent, of the income for their 
upkeep ? 

13. James Oswald expects to be married in October, when 
he will have an income of $2000 a year. How much money ought 



Date of Purchase 


Cost Value March '18 


May, 1915 


$35.00 


May, 1915 


18.00 


May, 1915 


15.00 


Oct., 1915 


4.45 


May, 1916 


9.75 


Sept., 1916 


20.00 


Sept., 1916 


8.50 


Dec, 1916 


23.50 


May, 1917 


15.00 


(Value May, 1915) 


32.50 



OPERATION 63 

he to have saved for buying the furniture? (Use the percentages 
suggested in the preceding problem.) 

14. Make a list of the articles of furniture that he might buy 
for that amount. 

15. When a claim for insurance is made, insurance companies 
usually require an inventory of the furniture destroyed. The fol- 
lowing is an inventory of the furniture in a living room : 

Article 
Rug 9' X 10' 
3 pictures 
Oak table 
Curtains 
Bookcase 
Oak armchair 
Oak chair 
Oak desk 
Rocking chair 
Books 

If 7 per cent, per year is allowed for depreciation on the furni- 
ture, 20 per cent, on the curtains, 5 per cent, on the books, and 
8 per cent, on the rugs, what is the estimated value of the household 
goods in March, 1918? How much insurance should be taken out 
at this time ? 

16. Make an inventory of the furniture and furnishings in your 
living room at home giving the present value, allowing for 
depreciation. 

Household Linens, Bedding, and Curtains 

The household linen may be made at home or purchased ready- 
made. If it is made at home, the housewife should be able to 
estimate the amount of material required for the different articles 
that she wishes to make ( Fig, 6 ) . 

In order to buy wisely it is necessary to know the difference 
in cost, reckoned in terms of money expended, between, the ready- 
made article and the homemade one of the same grade. Knowing 
this, the housewife can estimate how much or how little she earns 
by her labor on the articles that she makes at home, and on which 
ones she earns the most in proportion to the time consumed. 

In January and February there are sales of white goods. It is 
wise for the housekeeper to plan to buy her sheets, towels, table linen, 
etc., at this time. 



64 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 






^ 't I I 5 S ,5 ?: .< 




b'lQ. t). — Samples of checked toweling, often called glass toweling. 



The usual length of a sheet before hemming is 90 inches. Long 
sheets, 99 inches in length, or extra long sheets, 108 inches 'in 
length, may be bought. Pillow cases and towels are usually about 



OPERATION 65 

36 inches in length. Unless otherwise specified use 90 inches for 
sheets and 36 inches for pillow cases and towels in the examples 
in the following exercise. 

EXEKCISE II 

1. If three-quarters of a yard is allowed for one dish-towel, esti- 
mate the cost of a dozen towels made from glass toweling at 19 cents 
per yard. 

2. If the same grade of towels may be bought for $2.75 a dozen, 
how much does the housewife earn when she makes a dozen towels ? 

3. If huckaback (Fig. 7) for hand towels may be bought for 45 
cents a yard, and towels made of the same grade of huckaback may be 
bought for 50 cents each, how much money is saved by making 
a dozen towels at home ? (Fig. 8). 

4. Find the cost of 6 pairs of sheets made from bleached sheet- 
ing at 37 cents a yard. 

5. If unbleached sheeting, which is more durable, may be pur- 
chased for 32 cents a yard, what is the saving in cost? What is the 
per cent, of saving ? 

6. Find the cost of four pairs of sheets for a single bed, if the 
sheets are made from anchor sheeting 54 inches wide at 30 cents 
per yard. 

7. Anchor sheets 54 in. X 90 in. may be purchased for 72 cents 
each. Can the housekeeper afford to make her own sheets if the 
quality of the ready-made sheets is the same as that of the sheeting 
purchased by the yard? 

8. Ufica sheets 90 in. X 99 in. (the size before hemming) may 
be purchased for $1.35 each. Utica bleached sheeting, 2^^ yards 
Made, costs 50 cents per yard. Is it more economical to buy the 
sheeting or the ready-made sheets? 

9. Pillow cases may be made from tubing at 25 cents a yard 
or from narrow sheeting at 18 cents a yard. What does the house- 
wife earn by sewing the seams of one dozen pillow cases made from 
sheeting ? 

10. If pillow slips can be purchased ready-made for 22 cents 
apiece, what does the housewife earn by making the pillow slips 
from sheeting? 

11. Discuss the advisability of making towels and bed linen at 
home. 



66 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



Fig. 7. — Different weaves of huokaback. 



OPERATION 



67 




Fig. 8. — Showing different weaves of toweling. 

12. The following were the regular prices and the advertised sale 
prices on Utica bleached sheets and pillow cases : 



Utica Sheets , 

Reg. Sale 

54 in. X 90 in. $ .90 $ .65 

72 in. X 90 in. 1.05 .80 



Pillow Cases 

Reg. Sale 

22 in. X 36 in. $ .25 $ .20 



68 ■ HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

What is the saving and the per cent, of saving in buying one-half 
dozen of each size of sheets and one dozen pillow cases during the 
January sale ? 

13. Find the length and width of the linen (Fig. 9) for the cloth 
for a dining-room table 50 inches square, if the cloth is to hang over 
the edge 9 inches and 2 inches are allowed on each end for a hem. 
Find the cost of the tablecloth at $1.35 a yard. 

14. Find the length of the cloth for a dining-room table which 
is 60 inches long, if one-third of a yard is allowed to hang over 
and the hems are 2% inches wide. Find the cost of the tablecloth 
at $1.50 per yard. 

15. What length of material would you buy for a cloth for a 
54-inch round table if one-quarter of a yard is to be allowed to 
hang over and the cloth is to be finished on each end with a two- 
inch hem ? 

16. Estimate the amount of canton flannel 54 inches wide needed 
for a silence cloth to fit the above table. What would be the cost at 
50 cents a yard ? 

17. A circular lunch cloth 38 inches in diameter is to be 
trimmed with 3-inch, linen-Cluny lace. How much lace is required 
if the outer edge is to lie flat on the table? (The circumference 
of a circle is equal to approximately 33^ times the diameter.) 

18. A circular doily 18 inches in diameter is trimmed with 
linen-Cluny lace 2 inches in width. How many inches of lace is 
required ? 

19. Estimate the number of yards of linen-Cluny lace 7 inches 
wide required for a circular lunch cloth one yard in diameter. 

20. Estimate the number of yards of scrim required for curtains 
for three windows five feet in height. Each curtain is finished with 
a two-inch hem at the top and a three-inch hem at the bottom, and 
between the curtains at the top of one window is an 18-inch valence 
with the same width hems as the curtains. Allow two curtains for 
each window. 

21. A bedroom has four windows 4 ft. 3 in. in height. Find the 
cost of dimity for the curtains at 25 cents per yard. Allow l^/^ 
inches for the hem at the top of each curtain and 2^^ inches for the 
hem at the bottom. 



OPERATION 



69 




Fig. 9. — Table linens. 




HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



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Fig. 10. — Washable curtain materials. 



u',T."uiI-l=Pl 



OPERATION 71 

22. A girl wishes to make curtains for the two windows in her 
bedroom and a bedspread for her bed. How many yards of chintz 
will she need to buy, if the curtains are to be 4 ft. 8 in. long 
with a two-inch hem at the top and bottom of each curtain, and the 
bedspread is to be 90 in. X 90 in. ? What will be the total cost if 
the chintz is 25 cents a yard ? 

23. Find the amount of net required for 4 curtains, each 4 feet 8 
inches in length, finished with a 214-iiich hem at the bottom and a 
3-inch hem at the top, allowing 3 inches for shrinkage (Fig. 10), 

24. Find the amount of net required for two curtains 5 feet 2 
inches in leng-th, and a valence made of three widths of material 
15 inches in depth, if both curtains and valence are finished with 
2-inch hems at the bottom and 3-inch hems at the top, allowing 
3 inches on the curtains for shrinkage and 1 inch on the valence. 

25. Find the amount of scrim required for curtains for your own 
bedroom. 

26. Mrs. Jones started housekeeping with the following list of 
household linen and bedding : 

8 sheets at $1.05 

8 pillow-cases at 25 cents 

3 bedspreads at $2 

1 dozen towels at $1.75 

6 bath towels at 50 cents 
12 washcloths at 12 cents 

3 pairs of blankets at $8 a pair 

2 wool comforters at $6 

2 mattress protectors at $1.60 
2 dozen 22-inch napkins at $3 

1 dozen tea napkins at $6 

2 two-yard-square tablecloths at $1.50 a yard 
1 table pad at $1.10 

4 lunch cloths at $3.50 
1 dozen doilies at $5. 

She reckons the average life of the table linen to be 6 years, the 
sheets, pillow-cases and towels 5 years, and other bedding 10 years. 
Make a statement in form of an inventory of the value of the articles 
when purchased and at end of one 5'ear. (See example 15, page 63.) 
What is the annual depreciation on her stock of linen and bedding? 
What annual allowance must she make for replacement ? 



72 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Floor Coverings 

Floor coverings, like cloth, are sold by the yard. To buy carpet, 
matting, and linoleum economically, it is necessary first to estimate 
the amount of material needed when the covering is laid with as 
little waste as possible, for a fractional part of a strip cannot be 
bought. 

CARPETING AND MATTING 

Usual width of carpets % yd. or 1 yd. 

Usual width of matting ....... 1 yd. 

Rule. — To determine the number of yards of material required : 

(a) If the covering is laid lengthwise, find the number of strips 
required by dividing the width of the room in yards by the width 
of the covering, allowing a whole strip for any fraction of a strip 
in the result. Multiply the number of strips by the length of 
the room in yards. 

(6) If the covering is laid crosswise, reverse the rule, using 
the length of the room in finding the number of strips and the width 
in finding the number of yards of floor covering. 

(c) To determine the allowance for matching patterns, add to 
the length of each strip after the first, the allowance required for 
matching patterns. 

exercise III 

Problem. — Find the cost of carpet at $.85 a yard for a room 38'-8'' X 
20'-6". 

% yd :^ width of carpet. 
(a) To lay the carpet lengthwise: 

20-6'' = ^ ft. or -^yds.; i.e., 5^^ yds., the width of the room. 

-^-^-|- = 9}^, that is, 10 strips are required lengthwise, 
and ^ of a strip 38'-8" long would be wasted; 
(ft) To lay the carpet crosswise: 

38'-8"=J-i^, the no. of yds. in the length of the room. 

J-IA ^ A= 17^7, or approximately 17?-^, that is, 18 strips 
are required crosswise. 

^ of a strip 20'-0" long is wasted, or less than when the carpet 
is laid lengthwise. 
Hence 18 X ^^ = 123, the number of yards required. 
123 X $.85 =$104.55, the cost of the carpet. 



OPERATION 73 

1. Find the number of strips of carpet 1 yd. wide required 
to cover a floor 15 ft. X H ft. if the strips run lengthwise. If 
crosswise. Which way will be more economical ? 

In rooms with the following dimensions, determine whether 
to lay carpeting 1 yard wide lengthwise or crosswise to avoid 
unnecessary waste : 

2. 16 ft. X 18 ft. 

3. 12 ft. X 24 ft. 

4. 17 ft. 6 in. X 14 ft. 4 in. 

5. Find the number of yards of carpeting 1 yard wide required 
to cover the floor in the plan on page 52, allowing 6 inches for 
matching the pattern. 

6. The dimensions of a room are 19-0" X 16'-6".' Find the cost 
of carpeting this room with carpet at $1.50 a yd., allowing 4 inches 
for matching the pattern. 

7. The dimensions of a room are 20'-6" X 17-8". Find the cost 
of carpeting this room with carpet at $2.25 per yard, making no 
allowance for matching the pattern. 

8. Find the cost of carpeting a corridor 42-6" X 6-0" with 
carpet 1 yard wide at $1.50 a yard, allowing 8" for matching 
the pattern. 

9. Determine the cost of laying matting on the floor of the room 
in the plan on page 52 at $1.15 per yard. 

10. How much will it cost to carpet a floor 16-6" X 12-0" with 
carpet % yd. wide at $1.25 per yd., allowing 8" for matching 
the patterns? 

11. How much will it cost to cover a floor 20 ft. long and 17 ft. 
wide with matting at $.85 per yard ? 

12. Select the kind of matting you like and find how much it 
would cost to buy enough for your bedroom. 



LINOLEUM . 

Usual width of linoleum, 2 yards. 

The price of linoleum is usually given per square yard, but, 
like carpet, it is sold by the linear yard. A strip of linoleum 1 yard 
long contains two square yards. 



74 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Rule. — To find the number of yards required, use tlie same rule 
as for carpets. 

To find tlie number of square yards multiply the number of 
linear yards required by 2. 

EXEECISE IV 

Problem. — Find the cost of linoleum, 2 yds. wide, at $1.95 per square 
yard, for a kitchen 16'-0" X 12'-0". 

Linoleum is 2 yards ( or 6 ft. ) wide. 

If laid crosswise it will take JJ*-, or 2% strips. 

If laid lengthwise, it will take J^, or 2 strips. 

Hence it should be laid lengthwise to avoid waste. 

Each strip will be 16 ft. long. 

Then 2. XJ^ ^j, jq2^ jg ^j-^g number of yards of linoleum required. 

10% X 2 X $1.95 = $41.60, the cost of the linoleum. 

1. Find the cost of 18 yards of linoleum at $1.25 per sq. yd. 

2. Of 14 yds. at $2.50 per sq. yd. 

3. Of 25 yds. at $1.75 per sq. yd. 

4. Of 171/2 yds. at $2.25 per sq. yd. 

Find the number of strips of linoleum needed for floors of the 
following dimensions if the linoleum is laid lengthwise. Crosswise. 
Which is the more economical way to lay it? Find the cost of the 
linoleum at $1.85 per square yard. 

5. 21'-0" X 18'-0". 

6. 17'-4" X 13'-0". 

7. 17'-0" X 15'-6". 

8. 34'-0" X 17-6". 

9. 23'-0" X 11-9". 

10. In order to use a 12' X 15' rug on a floor 18'-0" X 14'-0", 
a border of plain linoleum was laid, leaving the floor bare under the 
rug. Find the cost of the linoleum at $1.50 per sq. yd. 

11. Compare the cost of linoleum at $2.15 per square yard and 
clear plain oak 1/2" X 3" at $49.50 per M. for a floor 27'-0" X 
59'-6". Use the contractor's estimates on page 56 for the cost of 
laying the floor. 

12. As in the preceding example, compare the cost of linoleum 
at $2.10 per square yard and clear maple 13/16" X 21/2" at $54 
per M for a floor 20'-0" X 19'-0". 



OPERATION 75 

Gas and Electeicity 
Fuel for lighting, heating, and cooking forms one of the large 
items in the cost of maintaining the home. The cost of fuel varies 
greatly in different localities, and depends also upon the kind of 
fuel as well as upon the kind of equipment used. Gas is one of 
the most convenient kinds of fuel, and in many localities it is cheap 
enough to be practicable for general use. When electricity is avail- 
able at low rates, the current may be used not only for heat and 
light, but also for the operation of various labor-saving devices such 
as washing machines, sewing machines, etc. Coal, wood, coke, 
and kerosene oil are the kinds of fuel in common use, but as yet 
no satisfactory methods have been devised for measuring the 
amounts required for household uses. 

Fig. 11. — Gas meter — index reads 79,500 cubic feet. 
GAS 

Gas is measured according to the number of cubic feet consumed. 
The rate varies in different localities, but is usually stated per 1000 
cubic feet. exercise v 

At 85 cents per 1000 cubic feet, find the cost of gas for the 
month when the following amounts have been consumed : 

1. 1000 cu.ft. 

2. 4000 cu. ft. 

3. 500 cu. ft. 

4. 3500 cu. ft. 

5. 7000 cu. ft. 

EXERCISE VI 

Fig. 11 represents a common type of gas meter with three dials. 

The hand on the dial on the right moves in a clockwise direc- 
tion, the hand on the next dial moves in a counter-clockwise 
direction, and the hand on the third, clockwise. 




76 HOUSEHOLD AKITHMETIC 

The first dial on tlie right registers hundreds up to 1000, the 
next registers thousands up to ten thousand, and so on. To illus- 
trate, when the hand on the first dial has made one complete revolu- 
tion it stands at zero, and the hand on the second dial stands at 1, 
signifying that 1000 cubic feet of gas have been measured. 

If the hand points between two numbers, the lower number 
should always be taken. 

The following pairs of numbers represent the reading of gas 
meters on the first days of two successive months. Draw diagrams 
to illustrate the two readings in each example, and find the number 
of cu. ft. of gas used, and the amount of the bill at 85 cents per 
1000 cu. ft. : 

1. 396300, 307200. 

2. 321200, 330200. 

3. Eead one of the gas meters in school on two different days. 
Find the amount of gas used in the interval and the cost at the 
local rate. 

4. Eead the gas meter in your home on two successive days. 
Find the amount of gas used in the interval and the cost at the 
local rate. 

5. At 90 cents per 1000 cu. ft., how many cubic feet of gas 
should be allowed for every quarter dropped into the " quarter 
meter"? At 80 cents? At $1.25? 

6. Read the gas meter in your home at the beginning and at the 
end of a month, and determine the accuracy of the gas bills. 

7. If the gas rate is decreased from 95 to 80 cents per 1000 
cu. ft., what is the per cent, of saving in the gas bill? What is 
the actual annual saving in a home where 'an average of 8500 cu. ft. 
are used per month? 

8. If you have a quarter meter in your home, read it several 
successive times when a quarter is inserted and determine whether 
or not your meter is registering correctly. 

EXERCISE VII 

The cost of gas for cooking and for lighting can be estimated 
from the number of cubic feet used per hour by different kinds of 
burners. The following table presents this information in compact 
form : 



OPERATION 77 

Table Showing Gas 'Consumption Per Burnek.* 

Name of burner Cost No. of cu. ft. No. of candle 

per hour power 

Climax water heater 50 

Oven 30 

Giant 18 

Star 12 

Simmerer 4 

Iron $3.00 4 

Open flame light 8 30 

Welsbaeh (upright) 50 6 50 

Welsbach, inverted, C. E. Z 1.30 3 60 

Welsbaeh, junior 40 3 40 

No. 20 Reflex 8.25 20 300 

1. By carefully planning to do all her baking on the same day, 
a woman found that she required the oven for three hours one day 
a week. If she had been using the oven on an average of an hour 
a day, what was the actual saving of gas per year? At $1.10 a 
thousand, what is the saving? 

2. The laundress used the water heater four hours a day, one 
day a week. At 90 cents per 1000 cu. ft., how much does the cost 
of hot water add to the cost of labor in a year ? 

3. Four Welsbach lights are used to replace eight open-flame 
burners. If the lights are used on an average of three hours a day, 
find the actual saving per hour. How many hours will it take to 
save the cost of the Welsbach lights with gas at 95 cents per 
1000 cu. ft. ? 

4. If six Welsbach inverted (C. E. Z.) burners are used to 
replace twelve open-flame burners, find the actual saving per hour if 
gas costs 85 cents per 1000 cu. ft. At this rate, how many hours 
of use would be necessary to save cost of the C. E. Z. burners ? 

5. Make a table showing : 

(a) The number of cu. ft. of gas used per candle power 

per hour by each of the lights in table on this page 

(use 4 decimals). 
(&) The cost of each light per candle power per hour at 

$.90 per 1000 cu. ft., or at the local rate, using 6 

decimals.^ 

* The figures given are those furnished by The Public Service Gas Co., 
Plainfield, N. J. They are subject to variation due to pressure, kind of 
gas, and state of the burner. 

*In making this table, allow space for similar data with reference to 
electric lights. 



78 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

6. Eepresent graphically: 

(a) The number of cu. ft. used per candle power per 

hour by each of the burners. 
(6) Cost of each light per candle power per hour. 

7. Using each of the different burners, find the cost, per hour 
of lighting a building which requires about 3000 candle power. 

8. After the installation of a water heater the average monthly 
gas bill increased from $3.85 to $3.30. If the gas rate is $.90 per 
1000 cu. ft., find the average number of cu. ft. of gas used in the 
gas heater in a month. How many hours is the heater used ? 

9. After buying a gas iron, the monthly bill decreased from $4.15 
to $3.90. At this rate, what amoujit would be saved in a year ? 

10. In order to save 50 cents a month in gas, how large a reduc- 
tion must be made in the number of cu. ft. of gas consumed at 
$1.10 per 1000 cu. ft? 

ELECTRICITY 

Electricity is not a fuel, but it may be used as a source of light, 
power, and heat. The amount of electricity used is measured in 
watts, a unit for measuring electric current. The rate is based on 
the number of 1000-watts used per hour, or kilowatt-hours (k. w. h.) . 
Kilo means 1000. 

An electric meter is similar to a gas meter; the hand of the 
first dial on the right moves to the right, the hand of the next 
dial moves to the left, and so on. In the electric meter, the first 
dial usually records units up to 10 k. w. h., the second tens up to 
100, and so on. For example, the reading on the first dial in Fig. 13 
is 584 k. w. h. 

If the hand points between two numbers, the lower number 
should always be taken. 

EXEECISE VIII 

The following pairs of numbers represent readings of electric 
meters on the first days of two successive months. Draw diagTams 
to illustrate the two readings in each example, and find the number 
of k. w. h. used in the amount of the bill at $.08 per k. w. h. 
(Fig. 13). 

1. 346; 437. 

2. 8354; 8931. 

3. 518; 999. 



OPERATION 



79 




Fig. 12. — Electric meter (Courtesy Good Housekeeping Institute, N. Y. City). 



80 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC . 

4. Read one of the electric meters in school on two different 
days. Find the number of kilowatt hours used, and the cost at 
7% cents per k. w. h. (or the local rate), 

5. The rate for electric current is reduced from 11 to 8i/^ cents 
per k. w. h. Find the per cent of saving. 

6. The rate for electric current is increased from 7 to dy^ cents 
per k. w. h. Find the per cent, of increase. Find the actual 
increase for a family that used an average of 35 k. w. h. per month. 

7. See Fig. 12. The second group of dials from the bottom 
illustrates Mr. Smithes meter at the end of the month of July. 
Through an accident the cover over the dial was broken and the 




KILOWATT HOURS 

Fig. 13. — Dial of a watt-hour meter. 

hand on the second dial from the right was bent so that it stood 
slightly to the right of the figure 2 instead of a little to the left. 
The man who read the meter did not discover the error. He fol- 
lowed the rule as given on page 78 for the reading of the meter. 
What difference did the accident make in the gas bill for July on 
the basis of 10 cents per k. w. h. ? 

8. Mr. Smith later discovered what was wrong with the meter 
and notified the company. How did he detect the error? 

EXEECISE IX 

Electricity is an expensive source of heat, but the amount of 
heat can be regulated and there is very little loss due to radiation. 
Moreover, it is the only source of heat for cooking which gives off 
no products of combustion. 

The cost of electricity for heating and lighting can be esti- 
mated from the number of watts used per hour by the various 
kiaids of electric bulbs and electric attachments. 



OPERATION, 81 

Table Showing the Number of Watts Used Per Hour by Various 
Electrical Appliances ^ 

Name of appliance Cost of instrument Candle power Watts per hour 

Disk (6 in.) stove $8.r)0 600 

Disk ( 10 in. ) stove 13.00 1100 

Iron 3.00 500 

Vacuum cleaner 47.50 .... 135 

Carbon bulb 15 16 60 

Mazda bulb 19 12 15 

Mazda bulb 19 23 25 

Mazda bulb 19 39 40 

Mazda bulb 25 60 60 

Mazda bulb 1.85 350 350 

Nitrogen bulb .44 95 . 75 

At 9 cents per k. w. h., or the local rate, find the cost per hour 
of each of the following electrical appliances : 

1. 6-in. disk. " 

2. 10-in. disk. 

3. Vacuum cleaner. 

4. Iron. 

5. If a 6-in. disk is used instead of an ordinary star gas burner, 
what is the actual difference in cost per hour if the rate for gas 
is $.90 per 1000 cu. ft., and the rate for electricity is $.10 per k. w. h. ? 

6. (a) If a gas iron is used instead of an electric iron, what 
is the difference in cost per hour if the rate for gas is $1 per 1000 
cu. ft. and the rate for electricity is $.13 per k. w. h. ? (&) What 
will this difference amount to in a year if the iron is used eight 
hours a week ? 

7. If an electric iron is used eight hours a day, how much does 
the cost of the electricity at $.13 per k. w. h. add to the labor 
cost of the work ? 

8. Make a table showing: (a) The number of watts used per 
candle power per hour by each of the electric bulbs in the table. 
(Use two decimals.) (6) The cost per candle power per hour at 
9 cents per k. w. h., or the local rate. (Use six decimals.) 

9. Eepresent graphically the data in problem 8. 

10. Find the cost per hour of the electricity used by each of 
the six kinds of bulbs in lighting a hall that requires a total 
illumination of about 1800 candle power. 

^ These figures were furnished by the Public Service Electric Company, 
Plainfield, N. J. 

6 



82 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

11. A 15-watt, Mazda bulb is used to rejilace a 16-candle power 
carbon light that is used as a night light on an average of nine 
hours each night. Find the actual amount saved in a year. 

18. If the owner of a house replaces 24 carbon bulbs with an 
equal number of 40-watt, Mazda bulbs, (a) What isi the total 
increase in candle power? (h) What is the total decrease in watts 
per hour ? ( c) What is the total saving per hour at $.09 per k. w. h. ? 
(d) What is the total cost of the new bulbs? (e) What is the 
total number of hours' use required to save the cost of the new bulbs ? 

13. What is the difference in cost per 100 hours between two 
40-watt, Mazda bulbs and one 75-watt, nitrogen bulb ? 

14. At the local rate, compare the cost of using two 40-candle 
power, Welsbach, junior gaslights and electric lights of about the 
same candle power for 100 hours. 

15. Estimate the cost per hour of lighting the school assembly 
room at the local rate. 

16. At the local rates, estimate the cost of lighting a lecture hall 
from 7.30 to 11 p.m. with 250 forty-watt, Mazda bulbs. 

17. At the local rates, compare the cost per hour of lighting a 
church with eight No. 20 Reflex gaslights and with sixty 40-watt, 
tungsten electric light bulbs. 

18. A nitrogen bulb uses about 0.8 watt per candle power. If 
300 watt nitrogen bulbs are used instead of 350 watt Mazdas, what 
is the gain in candle power? The total saving in the cost of cur- 
rent per hour on 165 street lights at ^y^ cents per k. w. h. ? The 
total saving to the city per year if the lights burn eight hours every 
night ? 

19. Illustrate graphically the relative cost per candle power 
per hour of open-flame and Welsbach gaslights and of carbon, tung- 
sten and nitrogen bulbs. 

Household Seevice 

In a large proportion of homes the greater part of the household 
work is performed by the housewife. She adds to the family income 
by her work as truly as her husband does by his. Although there is 
no increase of income as far as actual money received is concerned, 
nevertheless the work of the wife has a value which can be trans- 
lated into terms of money. 



OPERATION 83 

The housewife serves not only as cook, laundress, etc., but as 
manager of the business. As such her services have a higher value 
than the services of those whom she employs. This value will vary 
with different families, and in different localities and will depend 
on the efficiency of the housewife herself. 

EXEECISE X 

In the following problems consider the housewife's services as 
worth 30 cents an hour unless otherwise stated : 

1. If Mrs. Arnold spends 10 hours making a dress for her 
daughter, the materials for which cost $2.50, estimate the value of 
the completed dress. 

2. Mrs. Dickens spends 35 hours a week preparing the food for 
the family and washing the dishes. What does she add to the annual 
family income by this service ? 

3.- Mrs. Gilman is planning to buy a dress for her daughter. 
She can buy a ready-made dress for $15 or she can buy the materials 
for $10.50 and make the dress at home. If she makes the dress 
at home she will have to hire extra help for her housework for 16 
hours at 20 Cents an hour. What would you advise her to do ? 

4. Mrs. Simmons works 34 hours a week preparing meals and 
clearing them away, 9 hours buying and making and repairing 
clothes, 12 hours on laundry work, 9 hours on cleaning, 10 hours 
looking after the children, and 3 hours in planning and management. 
Mary, age 12, works 3 hours a week, and John, age 10, works 2 hours 
a week. Consider the value of Mary's work at 10 cents an hour, and 
John's as 8 cents an hour. How much is added to the family 
income by the work of these three ? 

5. What per cent, of the time does Mrs. Simmons spend on each 
kind of work? How much does her work increase the value of the 
food materials purchased? Of the materials for clothing and the 
clothing purchased ? 

6. Mrs, Goodwin dislikes to do laundry work and cleaning, but 
finds that she can write for magazines with some small degree of 
success. If the washing and ironing take on an average 12 hours a 
week, and the cleaning 6 hours, how much must she earn by her 
writing to pay for the services of a worker at 20 cents an hour to do 
this work? 

7. Mrs. Johnson spends one hour twice a week in doing the 



84 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

marketing, aud once a week she goes to the down-town market, 
paying 10 cents car fare and spending two hours. She finds that 
by use of the telephone she can do her ordering satisfactorily, 
spending only two hours a week. How much time is saved ? Will 
the value of the time saved equal the cost of the telephone at 
$2 a month ? 

8. When Mary Baker was assisting her mother with the house- 
work, she decided to try the plan of washing dishes only once a 
day. She found that she saved by this means on an average of 
15 minutes a day. If her time was worth 15 cents an hour, what 
did the saving amount to in a year ? 

9. Mrs. Peck had a large old-fashioned kitchen in which she 
wasted much time because the distances between the sink, cupboards, 
stove, etc.j were so great. She remodeled her kitchen, arranging it 
according to the plan of an efficient kitchen. After doing this she 
found that the time consumed in preparing a meal was 10 minutes 
less. How much time did she save during a year? What was the 
value of this time made available for other uses ? 

10. Estimate the number of hours per week spent in your home 
on cleaning, dusting, and washing windows. How many hours are 
spent per year? At 30 cents per hour, what is the annual cost of 
cleanness ? 

11. Estimate the number of hours per day spent in the care 
and maintenance of your home, including everything that pertains 
to cleaning, cooking, marketing, and necessary repairs. What would 
be a reasonable rate to pay for such services in this locality ? On this 
basis estimate the value of the increase made in the income if this 
work is done by members of the family. How much do you add to 
the family income? 

12. What truth is there in the old saying, " Two can live as 
cheaply as one ? " 

EXEKCISE XI 

If a family has an income of $1500 or less, the 10 or 15 per cent. 
allowed for operation will be needed almost entirely for fuel, light, 
refurnishing, and household supplies. Hence little if any allowance 
can be made for wages paid for service. 

For incomes from $1500 to $3000 a safe rule might be: Allow 
one-third as much for service as for rent. 



OPERATION 85 

For incomes above $3000, allow one-half as much for service 
as for rent. 

Eent is usually not over one-fifth of the budget; see p. 19. 

These rules are subject to many qualifications and should be ap- 
plied with discretion. 

Using the above rules, estimate the allowance for service for 
families with the following incomes : 

I. $1840. 
3. $3400. 

3. $5000. 

4. How much can a family whose income is $2800 afford to pay 
a week for a maid and for the care of furnace, lawn, etc. ? 

5. Can a family with an income of $2500 afford to pay $5 a week 
for a maid, if $1 a month must be paid for other service? 

6. Mrs. Jackson^s home is valued at $3750. How much may 
she allow in her budget for service ? 

7. A family whose total income is $2600 pays $.35 per month for 
removing garbage, $.30 a month for removing ashes, etc., $3 a month 
for 9 months for care of furnace. How much more can they spend 
per week for services of a woman for house cleaning and laundry ? 

8. Can a family with an income of $1500 afford to pay $2 a 
week for laundry and cleaning, if this is the only expense for 
service ? 

9. Mrs. Armstrong pays a maid $4 per week with board for 8 
hours' service per week-day and 4 hours on Sunday, paying one 
and a half times the regular rate for overtime. During a month 
she required 6 hours overtime service. What did the maid receive ? 
What is the minimum annual income to justify this expenditure ? 

10. Mrs. Jones has been hiring the services of a house worker 
5 hours a day for 6 days in the week at 30 cents an hour. She 
finds that she can get a maid for $5 a week and board. If board is 
worth $4.50 a week, how much more will the services of the maid 
cost her than those of the houseworker ? 

II. Compare the cost of service by the hour at 30 cents, including 
lunch valued at 15 cents, with the cost of service by the week at 
$6, including board at $5.50. Make the comparison on the basis 
of an 8-hour day. 

13. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two kinds 
of service mentioned in Nos. 10 and 11. 



CLOTHING 



CLOTHING 

Peesonal and Family Budgets foe Clothing 

In planning a clothing budget, the housewife will consider two 
things : How much money she can afford to spend for clothing, 
and how to divide this amount so as best to meet the needs of indi- 
vidual members of the family. According to studies of budgets, 
10 per cent, to 15 per cent, of the family income may be allowed 
for clothing. Of this amount the husband's clothing will prob- 
ably claim the largest proportion, if the income isi below $2000 ; 
and the wife's clothing, if the income is above $2000. The amounts 
allowed for individual children will vary according to age and sex. 
After the children reach the ages of 13 and 14 years an increasingly 
larger proportion will have to be spent for their clothing. 

The following are suggested divisions of the clothing budgets for 
typical American families: 

Estimated Allowance fok Clothing Expressed as a Pebcentage of the 
Total Allowance fob Clothing. 





Husband 


Wife 


Children 


Income less than $2000 


35% 


20% 


,45% 


Income $2000 or more 


30% 


35% 


35% 



An independent working girl or a business woman spends from 
10 per cent, to 15 per cent, of her income for clothing. If her 
income is sufficient to allow her to spend $125 or more per year 
for her clothing, her budget might be divided as follows : 25 per cent, 
for coats, suits, and furs; 25 per cent, for dresses, waists, and skirts; 
15 per cent, for underwear, nightgowns, and hosiery; 15 per cent, 
for hats and gloves; 10 per cent, for shoes and overshoes; 10 per 
cent, for sundries. 

These divisions may be used in planning a clothing budget for 
any woman, whether she be a housekeeper, college girl, or business 
woman. In doing this it is well to keep in mind the needs of more 
than one year, as many of the articles of wearing apparel last two 
or three or more years. Hence a- three-^year basis has been found 
to be satisfactory in planning clothing expenditures. 



90 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

EXEKCISE I 

In the following examples use the budget divisions suggested 
above, both for the family budgets and for the personal budgets. 

1. The following were the expenditures for clothing for the 
family of a mill-worker whose income for 1910 was $401.70; 
Father, $31.65; mother, $22.94; daughter, age 11, $17.32; son, 
age 8, $10.75 ; daughter, age 4, $5.82 ; daughter, age 1, $3.27.^ What 
per cent of the income was expended for clothing? What per 
cent, of the total amount for clothing was expended for each 
member of the family? 

2. The following was given in 1911 as a fair standard for a cloth- 
ing budget of the wife of a southern mill-worker, whose income is 
$600: 1 suit, $5.75; 2 percale waists, 60 cents; 1 flannelette waist, 
50 cents ; 2 white waists, $2 ; 2 duck skirts, $2 ; 2 calico dresses, $1.50 ; 
2 dressing sacques, 60 cents; 2 gingham aprons, 50 cents; 2 petti- 
coats, $1.60 ; 2 undershirts, 50 cents ; 1 felt hat, $2 ; 1 straw hat, $2 ; 
stockings, $2 ; 2 pairs of shoes, $4 ; 4 handkerchiefs, 20 cents ; 1 pair 
gloves, 50 cents.^ Classify the above items and find what per cent, 
of the total is allowed for each division. 

3. The following is a clothing budget. A teacher with an 
income of $900 a year made the following expenditures for clothing 
for one year : Winter coat, $20 ; tailor-made suit, $45 ; 2 hats, $5 ; 
crepe waist, $5 ; street dresses, $20 ; 2 pair high shoes, $10 ; 1 pair of 
low shoes, $4; underwear, $10; 8 pair stockings, $3.50; 2 home- 
made house dresses, $1.50 ; sweater, $3 ; 2 pair gloves, $4 ; incidentals, 
$3. Classify the items and find out what per cent, is allowed for 
each division. 

4. A girl who was going to college made out the following 
budget for clothing for her first three years: Suits and coats, $110; 
dresses, waists, and skirts, $115; underwear, $70; shoes, $40; hats 
and gloves, $60; sundries, $45. "What was the average amount 
allowed for each year ? What per cent, of the total was allowed for 
each division ? Make out a detailed budget of the articles that she 
might buy with the amount allowed for dresses, etc. 

* Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage-Earners in the 
United States. Volume xin: Family Budgets of Typical Cotton-Mill 
Workers. 1911. 



CLOTHING 91 

5. A girl in business with an income of $15 a week made out 
the following budget for her clothing for three years: $75 for two 
suits and one coat; $80 for dresses, waists, and skirts; $30 for 
underwear, nightgowns, and hosier}^ ; $42 for shoes and overshoes ; 
$45 for hats and gloves ; $30 for miscellaneous expenditures. What 
would be her average expenditure for clothes each year? Each 
month? What per cent, of her income was she planning to spend 
for clothes? What per cent, of the total clothing budget did she 
plan to spend for each division? Make out a detailed budget for 
her shoes. 

6. Mrs. Jackson allows $350 for the clothing for her family, 
consisting of the following members : Herself ; Mr. Jackson ; Doro- 
thy, age 10 ; Helen, age 7 ; Eobert, age 3. Apportion the allowance 
among the different members of the family. 

7. Make out a personal budget for Mrs. Jackson, giving the 
amount to be allowed for each division. 

8. In the family of Mr. and Mrs. Simmons there are three chil- 
dren : Mary, age 13 ; John, age 10 ; and Sarah, age 3. The family 
income is $2300, If 20 per cent, of this is allowed for clothing, 
how much would you allow for each member of the family ? 

9. Make out a personal budget for Mrs. Simmons' clothing. 

10. Mr. and Mrs. Brown have an income of $1800. They plan to 
allow for the clothing for themselves, and their children, Harold, age 
6, and Margaret, age 14, only 15 per cent, of the income. How shall 
the 15 per cent, be divided among the four of them? 

11. Make out a clothing budget for Margaret. 

12. Make an inventory of your own clothing, with the cost of 
each article. Find the total cost and the per cent, spent on each 
division. 

13. The following is a suggestive list of clothing for a high school 
girl for one year. With this as a basis, make a budget for your 
own clothing for a year, using local prices. Articles which are left 
over from the year before may be listed without the cost : 

Coats and suits : 2 white dress skirts 

1 sweater 1 serge skirt 

1 winter coat .3 middies 

1 spring coat 1 party dress 

Dresses, waists, skirts: Underwear, nightgowns, and lios- 

2 summer dresses iery: 

1 wool dress 3 summer vests 



d2 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



3 winter union suits 


1 pair wool gloves 


1 corset waist 


1 pair kid gloves 


3 combination suits 




2 white petticoats 


Shoes and overshoes : 


1 black petticoat 


1 pair high shoes 


2 summer nightgowns 


2 pair low shoes 


2 winter nightgowns 


1 pair sneakers 


1 kimono 


1 pair rubbers 


1 pair bloomers 


Sundries : 


6 pair stockings 


1 umbrella 




handkerchiefs 


Hats and gloves : 


ties 


1 winter hat 


collars 


1 summer hat 


aprons 


1 pair white gloves 





Economy in Shopping 

Skill in buying and making clothing may make the budget 
allowance " go farther." This involves knowledge of fabrics, accu- 
racy in calculating the amount of material required and the value 
of the labor involved in making garments. It also involves knowing 
when and where to buy in order to take advantage of discounts and 
reductions in prices. 

EXERCISE II 

1. What is the actual saving if a gross of pearl buttons are 
bought at $1.35 per gross instead of by the dozen at 12 cents a 
dozen ? What is the per cent, of saving ? 

2. What is the per cent, of saving in buying handkerchiefs 2 for 
35 cents over buying them at 15 cents apiece? 

3. What is the actual saving in buying 12 yards of lace by the 
piece at $2.16 over buying the same amount by the yard at 20 cents a 
yard? What is the per cent, of saving? 

4. If underwear muslin costs 30 cents per yard or $3.45 per 12- 
yd. piece, what is the per cent, of saving in buying it by the piece ? 

5. Some merchants offer 6 per cent, discount on muslin sold by 
the piece instead of by the yard. What would be the actual saving 
on a 12-yard piece if the muslin were 35 cents a yard? What 
would be the resulting price per yard? 

6. In buying plaid for a kilted skirt, Mary bought 4 yards when 
3^ would have been enough. If the extra I/2 yard could not be 
used, what was the per cent, of increase in the cost of the material 
due to inaccurate estimating ? 



CLOTHING m 

7. Estimate the cost of inaccuracy if 10 yards of taffeta silk at 
$1.75 per yard were purchased 'for a dress that required only 7^4 
yards. 

8. Through carelessness in measuring the windows, Mrs. Eaf- 
ferty lacked 10 inches of having enough material for the fourth 
window of the dining-room, and had to buy S^/o yards more net at 
37 cents a yard. Find the cost of her carelessness. 

Home Dkess-Making 

There are advantages in making some of the clothing at home 
if either the horne-maker or her daughter has the time necessary for 
the work. First of allj there is the advantage of knowing from 
experience that labor is an important item in the cost of clothing. 
Then home-made garments usually last longer because a better grade 
of material is purchased than is used for similar garments in the 
factory. There is also a small saving of money in that the actual 
outlay covers only the cost of material exclusive of labor. Moreover, 
the girl or woman who learns to make her own -clothes gains skill 
that may be used in altering ready-made clothes and in renovating 
and remodeling partly worn garments as occasion may demand. 

EXERCISE III 

In making estimates use the following data.: 

(a) A kimono nightgown requires 3^2 yards of material, 2^^ yards of 

trimming, and % spool of thread. 

(b) A petticoat requires 3% yards of material, 3 yards of lace or 

embroidery, % spool of thread, and 5^2 yards of "bias tape. 

(c) A combination corset cover and drawers requires 21/3 yards of 

material, 6 yards of lace, 1 yard of beading, and i/^ spool 
of thread. 

1. Estimate the cost of a nightgown if longcloth at 35 cents 
a yard is used, lace at 12 cents a yard, and thread at 6 cents a spool. 

2. Estimate the cost of a petticoat and combination suit if long- 
cloth at 30 cents a yard is used, lace at 18 cents a yard, thread at 
6 cents a spool, beading at 12 cents a yard, and bias tape at 15 cents 
for a 12-yard piece. 

3. Estimate the cost of the materials for the following under- 
wear: 3 nightgowns, 2 petticoats, and 4 combination suits, if 
cambric at 32 cents a yard is used, lace at 10 cents a yard, bias tape 
at 14 cents per 12-yard piece, beading at 8 cents a yard, and thread 
at 6 cents a spool. 



94 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

4. Ready-made garments, similar to the above but of somewhat 
inferior quality, may be purchased for the following prices : Nigh1> 
gowns at $1.75 apiece, combination suits at $2 apiece, petticoats at 
$3.25 apiece. Find the total cost of the ready-made garments. How 
much is saved by making the garments at home as in. problem 3 ? 

5. If it takes 4 hours to make a combination suit, II/2 hours to 
make a nightgown, and 6 hours to make a petticoat, what is the 
total amount of time consumed in making the complete set of under- 
wear? If the difference in cost between the ready-made and home- 
made garments represents the value of the home work, how much 
is earned per hour ? 

6. Jane Stewart needs the following underwear: 2 nightgowns, 
3 combination suits, and 1 petticoat. She can buy them at the 
following prices: Nightgo\\'Tis at $2 apiece, combination suits at 
$2.25 apiece, and petticoats at $2.50 apiece. Or she can purchase 
materials at the following prices: Cambric at 35 cents per yard, 
embroidery at 10 cents per yard, bias tape at 15 cents per 12-yard 
piece, beading at 10 cents per yard, and thread at 6 cents a spool. 
Compare the cost of the ready-made and home-made underwear. 
How much time will it take to make the underwear at home ? How 
much does Jane earn per hour for her work ? 

7. Mrs. Jones can buy a georgette crepe waist for $10, or the 
materials to make it for $8.30. It will take her 17 hours to make the 
waist. Is it more profitable to make the waist or buy it? Could 
she afford to have the waist made ? 

8. Mrs. Potter, a young wife, found that she could not buy a 
spring suit for less than $30. So she decided to buy the following 
material and make it herself. 

4% yds. of shepherds-plaid suiting at $1.50 per yd. 

1% yds. of sateen at 20 cents a yd. 

8 buttons at 75 cents a dozen 

8 yds. of 1/4 -inch silk braid at 10 cents per yd. 

% yd. of belting at 15 cents per yd. 

2 spools of silk at 10 cents per spool 

1 pattern at 20 cents 

1 piece of seam binding purchased at a sale for 10 cents. 

What did her suit cost her, not counting her labor ? What did she 
save by making it herself ? 



CLOTHING 



95 



Garment 



Serge dress. 



Wool skirt . 



White cotton skirt . 

3 middy blouses . . 
Gingham dress .... 



2 petticoats . 



Dark underskirt . 



4 combination suits. 



Bloomers 

3 nightgowns. 



Kind of Material 

Serge 

Braid 

Sateen 

Seam-binding 

Thread 

Belt 

Snaps 

Messaline tie 

Serge 

Belting 

Sewing silk 

Thread 

Hooks and eyes . . . 

Snaps 

White rep 

Buttons 

Hooks 

Snaps 

Thread 

Tape 

Belting 

White rep 

Buttons . . . . ; 

Thread 

Gingham 

Flaxon 

Rep (for extra col 

lars, cuffs) 

Hooks and eyes . . . 

Thread 

No. 100 cambric. . 
Cross-bar dimity . . 

Lace 

Buttons 

Thread 

Bias tape 

Black sateen 

Button 

Thread 

Snaps 

Cambric 

Lace 

Beading 

Thread 

Buttons 

Sateen 

Elastic 

Buttons 

Thread 

Cambric 

Lace 

Thread 



Am't required 
for 1 garment 

33^ yards. . . 
43^2 yards. . . 
Yi yard . . . . 
4 yards 

1 spool 

1 

8 

1 

2 yards . . . . 
27 inches . . . 

\ spool 

\ spool 

3 

4 

3 yards .... 

4 

6 

6 

f spool 

1 piece 

26 inches . . . 
2H yards. . . 

4 

Yi spool 

7|- yards . . . 
Yz yard .... 

f yards 

Y card. . . . 

1 spool 

23^ yards.. . 

1 yard 

2 yards .... 

3 

1 spool 

hY yards.. . 
2/^ yards. . . 

1 

Yi spool 

2 

lY yards. . . 

4 yards .... 
\Y yards.. . 

1 spool 

3 

2/€ yards . . 

1 yard 

2 

Y2 spool 

2Y. yards. . . 

2 yards. . . . 
1 spool 



Price 



$2.25 per 
.08 per 
.50 per 
.15 per 
.15. 

1.00. 
.10 per 
.75. 

2.40 per 
.25 per 
.15 per 
.08 per 
.15 per 
.10 per 
.60 per 

1.00 per 
.10 per 
.15 per 
.08 per 
.10 per 
.25 per 
.50 per 

1.00 per 
.08 per 
.35 per 
.60 per 

.50 per 
.15 per 
.08 per 
.50 per 
.35 per 
.10 per 
.15 per 
.08 per 
.15 per 
.60 per 
.15 per 
.08 per 
.12 per 
.35 per 
.10 per 
.10 per 
.08 per 
.15 per 
.50 per 
.12 per 
.15 per 
.08 per 
.35 per 
.10 per 
.08 per 



yard, 
yard, 
yard. 
10 yards. 



dozen. 

yard. 

yard. 

spool. 

spool. 

card of 24. 

dozen. 

yard. 

dozen. 

dozen. 

card of 24. 

spool. 

piece. 

yard. 

yard. 

dozen. 

spool. 

yard. 

yard. 

yard. 

card. 

spool. 

yard. 

yard. 

yard. 

dozen. 

spool. 

12 yards. 

yard. 

dozen. 

spool. 

dozen. 

yard. 

yard. 

yard. 

spool. 

dozen. 

yard. 

yard. 

dozen. 

spool. 

yard. 

yard. 

spool. 



96 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

9. Mary Thompson makes her own underwear of cotton crepe 
instead of longcloth so that she can wash it herself as the crepe 
does not need to be ironed. What is the cost of 4 combination 
suits and 2 nightgowns if the underwear crepe is 32 cents a yard ; 
lace is 16 cents a yard; beading, 15 cents a yard; and thread, 6 
cents a spool? What does she save in laundry bills in a year if 
she wears 2 suits and 1 nightgown a week and the cost of laundering 
is 10 cents apiece for combination suits and 12 cents for nightgowns ? 

10. Elizabeth Marshall, a high school girl, decided to make her 
own clothes. Frorp the list on page 95 of the garments that she 
selected and the quantity and the price of materials used, find the 
total cost of her clothing exclusive of the cost of the labor. 

11. Elizabeth wished to know how much she had saved by her 
sewing but found that she could not get ready-made garments of 
as good quality of material as that she had used. The prices of 
the garments she selected for the purpose of comparison were as 
follows: Nightgown, $1.75; serge dress, $18; blue wool skirt, $8; 
white cotton skirt, $3; gingham dress, $3.50; white petticoat, $4; 
dark underskirt, $1.50 ; combination suit, $2.25 ; bloomers, $1.50 ; 
blouse, $1.50. How much did she save? 

12. Estimate the cost of materials for replacing your present 
supply of underwear if the new garments are made at home. 

13. How much would you have to pay for ready-made underwear 
to- replace your present supply ? 

14. Estimate the number of hours it would take you to make 
your underwear and find the value of your labor at the local 
prices paid for sewing. 

Amouistt of Mateeial eok Gaements 

In estimating the amount of material needed for straight skirts 
(Fig. 14) and similar garments, such as petticoats, nightgowns, 
aprons, and plain chemises, state the results to the nearest one- 
eighth or one-fourth yard, since these are the measures used in the 
stores. 

EuLB. — (a) To find the number of lengths needed for straight 
skirts divide the total breadth of the bottom of the skirt by the 
width of the material. Consider a fractional part of a length as 
a whole length unless it is possible to secure the desired effect by 
omitting the fractional part of the length. 



CLOTHING 




Fig. 14. — Straight skirt. 



98 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

(&) To allow for hems, add the width of the hem to the finished 
length. 

(c) To find the amount of material needed, multiply the total 
length by the number of lengths. 

EXBECISE IV 

Problem. — How much lawn, % yard wide, will be needed for a plain 
petticoat 24 inches long which measures 3 yards around the bottom and is 
finished with a 2%-inch hem? 

3 -f- % ^ 4, that is, the number of lengths required is 4. 
21 in. + 2l^ in. = 26% in., or approximately % yd., the total length. 

4 X % yd. = 3 yd., that is, 3 yards of lawn will be needed for the 
petticoat., 

1. How many yards of 30-inch muslin are needed for a straight 
skirt 32 inches long, 1% yards around the bottom, and finished with 
a 3-inch hem? 

2. How many yards of muslin 1 yard wide are needed for 6 
petticoats, each 16 inches long, II/2 yards around the bottom, and 
finished with a 3-inch hem? 

3. How many yards of muslin 30 inches wide are needed for 
6 straight petticoats, each 35 inches long, 3% yards around the 
bottom, and finished with a 314-inch hem? 

4. A kilted skirt 34 inches long is to measure 4 yards around 
the bottom. How many yards of 43-inch serge are required? 
Allow 3% inches for a hem. 

5. A dancing frock is to have a plaited skirt 5 yards around 
the bottom. How many yards of crepe de Chine 44 inches wide 
are required? Allow 3 inches for a hem. 

6. How much longcloth, one yard wide, is needed for a kimono 
nightgown 54 inches long, 3 yards around the bottom, and finished 
with a 3-inch hem? 

7. How much cotton crepe, 30 inches wide, is needed for a 
nightgown 47 inches long, 3^/2 yards around the bottom, and 
finished with a 3-inch hem, if it has set-in sleeves 13 inches long^ 
finished with a %-inch hem? (One length will be needed for 
each sleeve.) 

WAISTS 

EuLE. — (a) To find the amount of narrow material needed 
for shirtwaists, add the length of the sleeve without the cuff, length 
of the back, including the peplum, and twice the total length of 



CLOTHING 99 

the front, including the amount allowed for the peplum (i.e., the 
part of the waist below the belt line). 

(h) To find the amount needed when the material is 34 to 36 
inches wide, add the length of the back, including the peplum, twice 
the total length of the front, and % the sleeve length without the cuff 
(Figs. 15 and 16). 

EXEECISE V 

1. How much madras 27 inches wide is required for a plain shirt- 
waist that extends 3 inches below the belt line ? The length of the 
back is 15 inches to the belt, the length of the front is 16 inches, the 
length of the sleeve is 18 inches (Rule a). 

2. How much percale one yard wide is required for this waist, if 
rule b is used? 

3. What is the difference between the two estimates? 

4. How much linen 30 inches wide is needed for a plain shirt- 
waist with a 3-inch peplum ? The length of the front is 20 inches, 
of the back 16 inches, of the sleeve 22 inches. (Rule a.) 

5. How much georgette crepe 36 inches wide is required for a 
plain waist with a ^/o-inch hem at the belt for elastic belting ? The 
front of the waist measures 15 inches, the back 14 inches, and the 
sleeve 18 inches. (Rule b.) 

6. A wide sailor collar that takes an extra i/^ yard of the 
material is used for trimming this waist. If the georgette crepe 
costs $2.25- a yard, what is the cost of material for the blouse? 

7. A saleswoman told a customer that the average person would 
need 21^ yards of linen for a shirtwaist. The customer was a woman 
with a 36-inch bust measure. If the front of the waist is 17 inches 
long and has a 3-inch peplum, the back 15, and the sleeve 22 inches, 
how much more will she have than is necessary? If the linen 
cost $1.50 a yard, how much can she save by making her own 
estimate ? 

8. A shirtwaist is to be made of white voile 1 yard wide at 85 
cents a yard. How much material is required if the front measures 
16 inches, the back 15 inches, and the sleeve without the cuff 18 
inches, and the waist is finished at the belt with a %-inch hem for 
an elastic. What is the cost of the material ? 

9. How much gingham 1 yard wide is required for a plain 
straight skirt and shirtwaist? The- skirt is to be 26 inches long. It 
measures 2 yards around the bottom and is finished with a 3V2-iiich 



100 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



A\.P 



Fig. 15.— "Waist. 



hem. The front of the waist measures 16 inches, the back 15, 
the sleeve without the cuff 18 inches. There is no peplum. If 
gingham cost 75 cents a yard, iind the cost of the material. 

10. How much batiste 1 yard wide is required for a commence- 



CLOTHING 



101 




Fig. 16. — Waist pattern on cloth. 



102 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

ment dress? The skirt length is 34 inches. It is to be finished 
with a hem 514 inches wide. The front of the waist is 17 inches 
long, the back 15, and the sleeves, which are short, are to be 14 
inches long. Three yards of lace are required for the trimming 
and iy2 yards of ribbon. Find the cost of the dress, if the batiste 
costs 90 cents a yard, the lace 38 cents a yard, and the ribbon 
64 cents a yard. 

11. Make a rule for estimating the amount of material required 
for a middy blouse. 

12. Estimate the cost of the material for a middy blouse for 
yourself. 

' 13. If it takes 8 hours to make a middy blouse, estimate the cost 
of the material and the cost of the labor for making, and compare 
the total estimate with the cost of a ready-made middy blouse 
of approximately the same quality. 

14. Estimate the amount of material required for a plain tailored 
shirtwaist for yourself. If it requires 8 hours to make the waist, 
find the value of the labor at 42 cents an hour, or at the current 
local rate. Find the total cost of the waist including both labor 
and materials. 

Teimming foe Gaements 

Tucks (Fig. 17), cords, folds, bias bands, and ruffles are used in 
trimming garments. Such trimming usually increases the amount 
of material required for plain garments. 

TUCKS 

Rule. — (a) Twice the width of each tuck multiplied by the num- 
ber of tucks gives the allowance to be made for tucks. 

(b) Twice the width of the receiving tuck plus y^ inch for the 
first turning gives the allowance for a receiving tuck (Fig. 18). 

EXEECISE VI 

Find how much must b*^ allowed for the following tucks in one 
length of material : 

1. 3 half -inch tucks. 

2. 5 quarter-inch tucks. 

3. 10 sixteenth-inch tucks. 



CLOTHING 



103 



4. 5 three-eighth-inch tucks. 

5. 20 sixteenth-inch tucks. 

6. 3 one-and-a-half -inch tucks. 

7. 24 three-eighth-inch tucks. 

8. 1 three-eighth-inch receiving tuck. 

9. 1 one-quarter- inch receiving tuck. 

Estimate the amount to be added to each length of the following 
garments to allow for the tucks and hems : 




riMH 



Fig. 17. — Fine hand-run tucks. 



10. A skirt with 5 sixteenth-inch tucks and a 3 -inch hem. 

11. Two sleeves with 10 quarter-inch tucks. 

12. A petticoat with 9 eighth-inch tucks and a one quarter-inch 
receiving tuck. 

13. How many quarter-inch tucks are needed to shorten a 
garment 7 inches ? 

14. How many half -inch tucks are needed to shorten a garment 
5 inches ? 



104 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



EXEKCISE VII 

1. The back of a blouse was 16 inches across when finished. 
It had 3 groups of 5 sixteenth-inch tucks. How wide was the piece 
for the back before it was tucked ? 

2. How many half -inch tucks must be put in a skirt that is 
5 inches too long in order to make it the right length ? 

3. The lawn for a shirtwaist is 27 inches wide. How many 
eighth-inch tucks can be made in the lawn if it is to be 20 inches 
wide when finished? 



Fig. 18. — Receiving tuck. 



4. Jane wishes to put 5 one-inch tucks in a skirt which is to be 38 
inches long. How long must the skirt be cut to allow for the 
tucks and a 3 -inch hem ? 

5. A piece of muslin for the back of a corset cover is 26 inches 
wide. How many quarter-inch tucks can be made in order that the 
back may be 16 inches wide when finished? 

6. A strip of muslin for a ruffle is 12 inches deep. The ruffle 
is to have a one-inch hem and 7 eighth-inch tucks. How deep will 
it be when finished? If this ruffle is attached to a petticoat with a 



CLOTHING 105 

%-inch receiving tuck, how long should the petticoat be cut in order 
that the completed garment may be 35 inches in length? 

7. How deep must a ruffle be cut to be 6 inches deep finished 
with a one-inch hem on the bottom and 5 eighth-inch tucks above 
the hem? If the completed petticoat is to be 29 inches in length, 
how long must it be cut to allow for attaching the ruffle .with a 
34-inch receiving tuck ? 

8. How deep a ruffle can be made from a strip of lawn 20 inches 
deep, if a 2-inch hem is put on the bottom and above it 5 groups 
of 3 sixteenth-inch tucks ? 

EUPFLES 

Rule. — To find the number of strips of material needed for a 
ruffle divide the length of the ruffle by' the width of the material. 
Consider a fraction of a strip as a whole strip, unless it is possible 
to secure the desired effect by omitting the fractional part of a strip. 

To find the amount of material needed, multiply the depth of the 
ruffle by the number of strips. 

EXERCISE VIII 

Problem. — A ruffle 6 ^^ yards long and 5 inches deep is finished with a 
half-inch hem. How many strips of 27-inch material are needed for the 
ruffle? How many yards of material are needed! 

27 in. = % yd. 
QV2 yd. -^ % yd. ^ 8 +, that is, 9 strips are needed. 
5 in. -f- % in. = 5i/4 inches, the depth of the ruffle. 

9 X 51/^ in. = 49 -f- inches, that is, approximately 1% yds. of material 
are needed. 

1. How many strips of muslin one yard wide are needed for a 
ruffle six yards long ? If the ruffle is 9 inches deep, unfinished, how 
many yards of material are needed ? 

2. Of material 27 inches wide? 

3. Of material 44 inches wide? 

4. Of material 32 inches wide ? 

5. How many strips of cambric one yard wide are needed for a- 
ruffle 4% yards long ? If the ruffle is 8 inches deep, unfinished, how 
many yards of material are needed ? 

6. Of cambric 27 inches wide ? 

7. Of material 45 inches wide ? 

8. Of material 34 inches wide ? 

9. Of cambric 30 inches wide? 



106 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

10. How many yards of dimity 32 inches wide are needed for 
a ruffle 12 inches deep, unfinished, if the ruffle is 3% yards long? 

11. Of taffeta 40 inches wide? 

12. A ruffle 5 inches deep is finished with a one-inch hem and 

3 eighth-inch tucks. If the ruffle is 5 yards in length, how many 
yards of 27-inch material are needed? 

13. A ruffle 4^/2 inches deep is finished with a half-inch hem 
and 5 eighth-inch tucks. If the ruffle is 6 yards in length, how 
many yards of 45-inch nainsook are needed ? 

14. If the material is one yard wide, how many yards of ruffling 
can be made from 6 strips? 

15. If the material is 27 inches wide ? 

16. If the material is 42 inches wide? 

17. If the material is 30 inches wide? 

18. How many strips of ruffling 9 inches deep can be cut from 

4 yards of lawn? How many yards of ruffling if the lawn is 27 
inches wide? 

19. How many yards of ruffling 4 inches deep can be cut from 
1% yards of 27-inch satin? 

20. How many yards of ruffling 12 inches deep can be cut from 
2% yards of 32-inch taffeta? 

EXEECISE IX 

EuLE. — (a) For an ordinary ruffle, use II/2 the length of the edge 
to which the ruffle is to be attached. 

(b) For a scant ruffle, use 1% this length. 

(c) For side plaiting or for shirring of thin fine fabrics, use 
three times this length. 

Unless otherwise stated, it is understood that the ruffling in the 
following example is to be set on the bottom edge of the skirt. 

1. How many yards of ruffling are needed for a ruffle on a 
skirt which measures 3 yards around the bottom ? 2 1/^ yards? 2% 
yards ? 

2. How many yards of lace are needed for a ruffle on a collar 
which measures 1% yards around the edge? % yard? % yard? 

3. How many yards of bias ruffling are needed for a scant ruffle 
on a silk petticoat which measures 2 yards around the bottom ? 2^/4 
yards ? 

4. How many yards of taffeta ruffling are needed for side 



CLOTHING 107 

plaiting for trimming the edge of a collar that measures II/2 yards, 
the edge of cuffs each 8 inches, and both sides of the front plait 
of the waist which is 16 inches long? 

5. A skirt is 3 yards around the bottom; how many yards of 
ruffling are needed? How many strips of one-yard material are 
needed ? 

6. How many yards of ruffling are needed for a ruffle on a dress 
2 yards around the bottom? If the ruffle is to be 6 inches wide 
finished, how much batiste 45 inches wide is needed for the ruffle ? 

7. A taffeta skirt measures 214 yards around the bottom. How 
many yards of ruffling are needed ? If the ruffle is 10 inches deep 
unfinished and is cut from material 32 inches wide, how many yards 
of material are needed for the ruffle ? 

8. A skirt is 2I/2 yards around the bottom. ' How many yards 
of ruffling are needed? If the ruffle is 8 inches deep finished with 
three quarter-inch tucks, and the cambric is 1 yard wide, how many 
yards of material are needed for the ruffle ? 

9. A petticoat measures 3 yards around the bottom. How many 
yards of 30-inch cambric are needed for a 10-inch ruffle having a 
one-inch hem ? 

10. How many yards of 40-inch silk are needed for a 12-inch, 
scant ruffle for a petticoat which is 2% yards around the bottom, 
if the ruffle has a one-inch hem? 

11. A child's dress is 2 yards around the bottom. How much 
lawn 1 yard wide is required for a full-shirred ruffle 71^ inches 
deep finished with a half -inch hem and 3 eighth-inch tucks? 

12. How many trips of ruffling will be needed for a muslin skirt 
21/2 yards wide if the material is 1 yard wide ? How wide must the 
ruffle be cut if it is 10 inches deep, finished with a half -inch hem 
and two quarter-inch tucks ? How many yards of material will be 
needed ? 

13. If a dress measures 3 yards around the bottom, how many 
yards of ruffling are needed for side plaiting? How many strips 
of 45-inch batiste ? If each strip is 10 inches finished, has a three- 
quarter-inch hem, and four eighth-inch tucks, how many yards of 
batiste are needed ? 

14. A dress measures 2 yards around the bottom. It is to have 
a side-plaited ruffle 10 inches wide with a one-inch hem. How many 
yards of crepe de Chine 40 inches wide are necessary for the ruffle ? 



108 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



15. Estimate the number of yards of dotted swiss, 32 inches 
wide, needed for 4 curtains each 4 feet 6 inches long, trimmed along 
one side and across the bottom with a 3-inch ruffle finished with a 
14-inch hem and set on with a 3/g-inch receiving tuck. Allow 3 
inches at the top of each curtain for the rod and the heading and 
3 inches for shrinking. 

16. Estimate the cost of curtains similar to the above for your 
own bedroom. 

BIAS TEIMMING 

Material to be used for trimming a garment is often cut on the 
bias. Unless one can purchase material in which both ends are 




Fig. 19. — True bias cutting. 

cut on the bias, there will be more or less waste in cutting. In 
order to have as little v^aste as possible, one should know how to 
estimate the amount of material required for trimming any given 

garment. 

To cut a strip of true bias (Eig. 19)-, fold the material so that the 
filling yarns ^ lie along the warp, as in the diagram. Make two cut- 
tings, the first along the line of the fold AB, and the second on 
a line parallel to the line of the fold. 

The lines of cutting are bias lines. A full length bias strip 

=" Threads that run parallel to the selvage are called warp threads, 
those that run across the goods are called filling yarns or woof threads. 



CLOTHING 109 

is a strip with selvage at both ends. The length of a full-length 
bias strip is measured along the cut edge from A to B. 

The width through the bias strip is measured on a line at right 
angles to the line of cutting, CD in the diagram. 

The width along the bias is measured along the selvage (or 
warp), BE in the diagram. 

The width through the bias and the width along the bias are 
technical terms used in the trade. The width through the bias 
is also called the depth of the bias. 

EXEECISE X 

1. From a rectangular piece of tissue paper or cloth 24 inches 
long and 9 inches wide cut out as many full-length strips of true 
bias 3 inches through the bias as possible.^ 

3. Measure the length of the bias. How does it compare with 
the original width of the cloth or paper ? 

3. What is the width of each strip along the bias ? 

4. How does the width along the bias compare with the width 
through the bias? (Give the answer as approximate fraction of the 
width through the bias.) 

5. Make the same measurements as in examples 1-4 with a 
piece of paper 18 inches wide and 24 inches long, cutting strips 1 inch 
through the bias. 

6. Prom your answers to 5, what rule would you suggest for 
finding the length of a full-length bias strip if the width of the 
material is known ? 

7. From your answers to 4, what rule would you suggest for find- 
ing the width along the bias ? 

8. Dressmakers multiply the width of the material by II/3 to 
find the length of a bias strip. Test this rule. 

9. To find the width along the bias, dressmakers multiply the 
width through the bias by IV3. Test this rule. 

EXEECISE XI 

In cutting bias strips, as in Fig. 20, if the corner folded over, 
AC, is less than the full width of the goods, the bias strip will be less 
than a full-length strip. The length of a short strip is measured 

* If paper is used, it should be handled and held as if it were cloth. 



110 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

along the shorter cut edge BG. Where two bias strips are to be 
pieced together, all the seams should be along the warp, CD, EF, 
GH, etc. The pieces CDE, EFG, GHJ, which are cut off in order 
to have the seams along the warp, are waste. 

1. Using a piece of tissue paper 34 inches long and 18 inches 




Fig. 20. — Cutting and joining bias strips. 

wide, fold over a corner 9 inches on each side and cut along the fold 
(Fig. 30). Compare the length of the cut edge with the side of 
the corner. 

3. From the corner piece cut off a bias strip 3 inches through the 
bias, and measure the lengths of the two cut edges. 

3. Cut a piece from one end of the strip to make the two ends 



CLOTHING 111 

parallel. By how. much have you shortened the longer cut edge? 
Compare this amount with the width through the bias. 

4. Using a rectangular piece of tissue paper 24 inches long and 
18 inches wide, fold over a corner 6 inches on each side, and cut a 
bias strip 2 inches through the bias. Measure the shorter cut edge 
and compare this length with the side of the corner folded over. 

5. From the corner piece, cut off another strip of the same 
width. Measure the shorter and the longer cut edges. How does 
the short length compare with the length of the side of the remain- 

''^\ '^. , ■ \ *^ 






'Fig. 21. — Cutting bias strips from a corner of the material. 

ing corner? How does the difference between the lengths of the 
two cut edges compare with the width through the bias ? 

6. Test the following rule by cutting and measuring tissue paper : 
The length of a bias strip is four-thirds the length of the side of 
the corner folded over. 

7. Test the following rule by cutting and measuring tissue paper : 
The length of each bias strip cut from the corner is less than the 
next longer strip by twice the width of the strip through the bias. 

EXEECISE XII 

Rule. — (a) The length of a full-length bias strip is approxi- 
mately 1% times the width of material. (&) The length of a short 
bias strip is approximately W^ times the side of the corner folded 



112 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

over, (c) When the ends are not parallel, the length of the shorter 
cut edge of the bias strip cut from the corner is less than the longer 
cut edge by twice the width through the bias. Hence, the length of 
a bias strip not a full-length strip is less than the next longer strip 
by twice the width of the strip through the bias. 

Problem. — How many inches of 4-inch bias can be cut from the corner 
of a piece of silk 32 inches wide? (Fig. 21.) 

^ X 32 inches = 43 inches, the length of the full length bias strip. 

No full length strip can be cut from the corner, but according to rule 
(c), the longest strip that can be cut from the corner is less than the full 
length strip by twice the width of the strip through the bias. 

Hence, 43 in. — 8 in. = 35 inches, the length of the longest strip cut 
from the corner. 
35 in. — 8 in. = 27 inches, the length of €he second strip. 
27 in. — 8 in. = 19 inches, the length of the third strip. 
19 in. — 8 in. :^ 11 inches, the length of the fourth strip. 
1 1 in. — 8 in. = 3 inches, the length of the fifth strip. 
Adding, 95 inches is the total number of inches of 4-inch bias that can 
be cut from the corner. 

1. Using the rule a, make a table showing to the nearest 34 i^^ch 
the length of a full strip of bias cut from material of the following 
widths : 18, 22, 24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 36, 39, 40, 42, 45. 

When the length of the material is less than the width, the 
length of the material determines the size of the corner to be folded 
over, and hence the length of the longest bias strip. Thus, with 
14 yard of velvet 18 inches wide, the corner folded over is 9 inches 
along the side, and the length of a bias strip % X 9 or 12 inches. 

2. Make a table similar to that in example 1, showing the 
length of the longest bias strip that can be cut from the following : 

34 yard of velvet 22 inches wide. 

% yard of grosgrain silk 22 inches wide. 

% yard of grosgrain silk 22 inches wide. 

% yard of satin 27 inches wide. 

% yard of trffeta 40 inches wide. 

3. How many inches of 6-inch bias can be cut from the corner 
of a piece of silk 27 inches wide ? 36 inches wide ? 40 inches wide ? 

4. How many inches of 10-inch bias can be cut from the corner 
of a piece of silk 30 inches wide ? 38 inches wide ? 50 inches wide ? 



CLOTHING 113 

5. How many yards of bias strips 3 inches through the bias 
can be cut from the corner of a piece of taffeta 30 inches wide ? 

6. How many inches of bias strips 6 inches wide can be cut from 
a corner 27 inches along the side? 

7. In planning a dress, Jane finds that she can use one corner 
piece of silk 15 inches along the selvage for bias banding. How much 
bias banding 2 inches wide can she cut ? 

8. Beginning with the first strip 5 inches long cut from the 
corner of a piece of silk 36 inches wide, how many strips 3% inches 



Fig., 22. — Amount of material required for bias strips. 

through the bias need to be cut to obtain 2% yards of piping? 
Will the last strip that is cut be as long as a full-length bias strip ? 

EXERCISE XIII 

EuLE. — The width along the bias of a strip is four-thirds of the 
width through the bias. 

Make a table showing the widths along the bias of bias strips 
whose widths through the bias measured in inches are as follows : %, 
%, 1, 11/4, 1%, IV2, 1%, 1%, S, 31/2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, to 12 inches. 

EXERCISE XIV 

In buying material in which the ends are not cut on the bias, 
it is always necessary to buy a corner of material in addition to the 
amount of material needed for the bias strips. 

In the diagram (Fig. 22) the amount of material required would 



114 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

be equal to AB, the width along the bias of the total number of strips, 
plus BC, the side of the corner cut off by the last strip, 

Prohlem. — Find the number of yards of 18-incli panne velvet required 
for 3%yards of bias bands 9 inclies wide (Fig. 23). 

% X 18 in. = 24 inches, the length of a full length strip. 
24 in. — 18 in. = 6 inches, the length of a strip cut from the corner. 
314 yd. — 6 in.= 111 inches, the number of inches remaining to be cut. 
Ill in. -^ 24 in. = 4 strips and 15 inches. 

Since a strip of bias 15 inches long can not be cut from the corner, 5 
strips of bias must be cut, the last of which will need to be only 15 
inches long. 
15 inches is the bias edge of the corner folded over to make a strip of 

that length. (See diagram.) 
Hence, % of 15 or 11 is the width of the corner folded over to make the 

last strip. 
It is necessary to buy a piece of velvet 11 inches long plus the total 
width along the bias of the 5 strips. 
5 X ^^ X 9 in. = 60 in., the total width along the bias of the 5 strips. 
60 in. + 11 in. = 71 in., that is, 2 yards of velvet are required. 




Fig. 23. — Estimating the amount of material required for bias trimming when part or 
all of corner can be utilized. 

1. Find the number of yards of 18-inch panne velvet required 
for bias girdle 9 inches wide and 30 inches long? 

2. A girdle is to be made from bias strips cut from 32-inch 
silk-. If the girdle is to be 28 inches long and 12 inches wide, before 
finishing, how much material is required ? 

3. Find the amount of 18-inch velvet required for 4 yards of 
bias facing for a coat, if the facing is 10 inches through the bias. 

4. Three yards of bias 12 inches wide are needed for a ruffle on 
a petticoat. How much taffeta 36 inches wide is required for tlie 
ruffle? 

5. Seven yards of satin facing 6 inches wide are needed for the 
bottom of a skirt and the overskirt. How many yards of 27-inch 
satin are required for the facing? 



CLOTHING 115 

6. If two scant bias ruffles each 4 inches wide are put on the 
bottom of a partly worn petticoat that measures two yards around 
the bottom, it will take the place of a new skirt. How many yards 
of 30-inch taffeta are needed? 

7. How much 27-inch taffeta must be purchased for a new scant 
ruffle on a petticoat which measures 2 yards around the bottom, if the 
ruffle is to be 10 inches wide ? 

Buying and Making Clothes 

The cost of clothing is so large an item in the budget that 
every effort should be made to decrease the expenditures and to 
spend the money for clothing to the best advantage. Extreme 
styles that go out of fashion before the material is worn out increase 
the cost of living. Poor materials are not worth the cost of the 
time and labor it takes to make them up into garments. 

In buying materials and ready-made clothes, it is cheaper to 
select durable materials and conservative styles. 

EXEECISE XV 

1. Select a design for a dress and estimate the number of yards 
of material you would need to buy, and the time it would take to 
make such a dress for yourself. Estimate the cost of material and 
the cost of labor at the local dressmaking rates. Will your labor be 
worth as much ? Why ? 

2. Select a design for a dress with bias trimming. Estimate 
the amount and cost of suitable material for the dress and for the 
trimming. Find the total cost of the dress and of the labor. Com- 
pare with the cost of a similar ready-made gown and discuss dif- 
ferences in cost, design, material, and workmanship. 

3. If all your present supply of wearing apparel should be 
destroyed by fire, estimate the cost of duplicating as much of it as 
you would need to replace, including shoes, hats, and similar articles. 
Make a separate estimate for each garment that would have to be 
made at home, giving the ^umber of yards of material required, and 
the " findings." 

4. Make a list of all the articles of clothing you would need for 
a year. Estimate the cost ci the various articles and determine how 
much of an allowance you would need for clothing. 



116 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

5. If you were to spend $150 per year, how would you modify 
the preceding budget ? If $100 ? 

6. Indicate which of the articles in your list do not have to be 
renewed every year, and make a clothing budget for 3 years. Can 
you reduce your annual budget allowance in this way ? Wliy ? 

7. Compare the present prices of cotton and woolen materials, 
shoes, stockings, and notions with the prices of the same articles one 
year ago. Find the average per cent, of increase or decrease in 
the cost of these articles. 

8. If this average per cent, of change in price should continue 
for another year, how should your budget allowance for clothing be 
changed ? 

9. Compare graphically the actual prices of cotton and woolen 
materials, shoes, notions, and underwear at the present time with 
those of one year ago. Use two vertical lines for each article, one 
to represent the present price, the other to represent the price one 
year ago. 

10. Eepresent graphically the average per cent, of increase or 
decrease in the prices of clothing in the past year. 

11. Two girls bought suits at the same time. One paid $20 for a 
suit that was so extreme in design that it was entirely out of style 
at the end of the season and was discarded. The other paid $33.50 
for a plain tailor-made suit which she wore for three seasons. At 
this rate, how much more would the first girl pay for suits in three 
years ? 

12. It requires 21/4 yards of muslin and 5 yards of trimming 
for an envelope chemise and about 4 hours for the making. Four 
chemises were made of muslin at 25 cents a yard and lace at 14 
cents a yard. What was the cost of the chemises if the labor is 
estimated at 25 cents an hour ? 

13. At the end of a year the muslin was worn out, and the lace 
was not worth putting on new garments. Four new chemises were 
made of better materials at 37 cents a yard and lace at 14 cents a 
yard. These garments lasted a year and a half. What was the total 
cost, including labor at 25 cents an hour ? What was the cost per 
year ? What is the per cent, of decrease in this item of the clothing 
budget ? 



FOOD 



FOOD 

Measueing Food Mateeials 

Theee are several ways of measuring and weighing foodstuffs. 
The housewife uses the familiar household measures (Fig. 24) : The 
cup and the spoon ; the grocer uses the English system of weights and 
measures : the quart and the pound ; the scientific dietitian uses the 
metric system of weights and measures : the liter as a measure of 




Fig. 24.- 



-Measures commonly used in the household. Metal measures are usually the 
most accurate and convenient. 



volume, the gram as a measure of weight and the calorie as a 
measure of heat or energy. Each of these ways of measuring the 
weight and quantity and nourishing value of foods is to be con- 
sidered in the following pages. 

Household Weights and Measuees 

Recipes are usually stated in terms of household measures such 
as the cup and the tablespoon. These household measures vary in 
size and capacity and, at best, represent only approximate measures. 
In order to secure some degree of uniformity, it is customary to use 
a level cupful, or level spoonful in measuring. 

119 



120 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Abbreviations 

ts. = teaspoon qt, = quart 

tbs. =^ tablespoon pt. = pint 

spk. = speck oz. = ounce 

c. = cup lb. = pound 

Table of Approximate Measures 

3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon 
16 tablespoons dry material or 12 tablespoons 

of liquid = 1 cup 
2 cups or 2 glasses ^ 1 pint 

Tables of Equivalent Weights and Measures for Liquids 

1 tablespoon = % oz. 
1 cup or 1 glass = 8 ounces or % pound. 

Table of Measures of Food Materials with Approxisiate Weights ^ 

Foodstuff Quantity in 1 lb. Quantity in 1 oz. ■ 

Milk 2 c. 114 tbs. 

Sugar 2 c 2 tba. 

Butter 2 c 2 tbs. 

Meat ( chopped ) 2 c 2 tbs. 

Rice 2 c 2 tbs. 

Flour ( sifted ) 4 c 4 tbs. 

Rolled oats 6 c 6 tbs. 

Eggs 7 

Apples 4 medium 

Bananas 4 medium 

Oranges 2 large 

Potatoes 3 medium 

Bread 1 loaf 

EXEKCISE I 

1. How many tbs. of dry material to 1 cup ? To % cup ? To 
2/3 cup ? To 34 cup ? To i/s cup ? To % cup ? To % cup ? How 
many tablespoons of liquid ? 

3. How many ts. in 14 cup of dry material ? In % cup ? 

3. How many ts. of butter in 1 oz. ? In I/2, oz. ? 

4. How many ts. of Hour in 1 oz. ? In % oz. ? 

5. How many tbs. of butter in % lb. ? In 14 lb. ? 

6. How many tbs. of butter in 3 oz. ? What part of a cup ? 

7. One-fourth pound of sugar is how many cups? 

8. One-fourth pound of flour is how many cups ? 

9. One-eighth pound of sugar is how many tbs. ? 

^ For other tables with slightly closer approximatibris, s6e Tables C and 
D, pages 184 and 188. 



FOOD 121 

10. One-third pound of sugar is how many tbs. ? And what 
part of a cup ? 

11. One egg is how many ounces? 

12. How many tbs. of milk in an oz. ? 

13. How many tbs. of sugar in an oz. ? 

14. How many tbs. of flour in an oz. ? 

EXEECISE II 

Translate into weights the following recipes : 

1. White sauce : 2 tbs. flour, 2 tbs. butter, 1 cup of milk. 

2. Biscuits : 2 cups flour, li^ tbs. shortening, % cup milk, 4 ts. 
baking powder, i/o ts. salt. 

3. Croquettes : 2 cups chopped meat, 2 cups of bread crumbs, 
1 cup of milk, 2 eggs. 

4. Potato balls: baked potatoes, 1 tbs. butter, I/3 cup of milk, 
1 egg. 

5. Fruit salad : 3 bananas, 3 oranges, 3 tbs. of olive oil, i/4 cup of 
sugar, 1 tbs. vinegar. 

6. Cake : ^ cup butter, 1 cup sugar, 2 eggs, % cup milk, 1% 
cups of flour. 

7. Baked apples: 6 apples, % cup sugar, % cup of water. 

8. Omelet : 4 eggs, 4 tbs. milk„ 2 tbs. butter. 

9. Potato soup : 4 medium-sized potatoes, 3 cups milk, 1 cup 
water, 2 tbs. butter, 2 tbs. flour. 

10. The following is a recipe for cocoa for three persons. Give 
the proportion for one person in the most convenient form; also 
for 24 persons : 1 tbs. cocoa, 1 tbs. sugar, 1 cup boiling water^ 2 cups 
hot milk. 

11. Divide the following recipe for pie crust in two and translate 
into the most convenient measures: Flour, 2 cups; lard, % cup; 
baking powder, % ts. ; salt, 1 ts. ; ice water, 1/4 cup. 

12. Make one-third of the following recipe for molasses cookies 
and translate it into the most convenient measures : Molasses, 1 cup ; 
boiling water, % cup; flour, 2^/2 cups; soda, 1 ts. ; ginger, 1%, ts. ; 
butter, 4 tbs. 

13. Eecipe for plain lemonade : 2% lemons to a quart of water; 
% cup sugar to a quart of water. How many glasses of lemonade 
will this recipe make ? How many lemons and how much sugar will 
be needed to serve 50 persons? 



122 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIG 

14. Recipe for welsh rarebit for 6 persons : 1 tbs. butter, 1 tbs. 
cornstarch, 11/2 c. chopped cheese, 1/2 ts. salt, 14 ts. mustard, 
1^ c. thick cream or milk. Translate this recipe into convenient 
terms to serve 4 persons. Also for 1 person. 

15. Eecipe for rice pudding for 6 persons : % c. rice, i/4 ts. salt, 
1/3 c. sugar, spk. grated nutmeg, 1 qt. hot milk. Alter this recipe 
to serve 2 persons, and state in the most convenient measures. 

Maeketing 

It is fully as important for families of moderate means to 
understand how to purchase economically as to be able to increase 
their earnings. 

Small economies in buying make money go farther. If goods 
that are not perishable are purchased- in sufficient quantity to last 
for several weeks or even months, a saving in both time and money 
will result. Fruits and vegetables should be used freely during 
the season when they are abundant and should be canned or dried 
at this time for future use. 

EXEECISE III 

1. Apples can be bought at the rate of 2 for 5 cents. How 
much will a dozen cost? 

2. Oranges cost 50 cents a dozen or 5 cents apiece. What is 
the actual saving in buying by the dozen ? 

3. Olive oil costs $3 per quart. At that rate, how much should 
a half -pint cost ? Compare with local prices. 

4. New potatoes cost 15 cents a pound or $1 a peck. What is 
the saving through buying by the peck ? 

5. Spaghetti may be bought by the 12-oz. box for 15 cents 
or by the 10-pound package for 90 cents. What is the per cent, 
of saving in buying it in the larger quantity? 

6. If a cereal costs 10 cents a box and a case containing 12 boxes 
can be bought for $1, what is the per cent, of saving in buying it 
by the ease? 

7. Find the cost of 25 lbs. of flour if purchased by the pound at 
9% cents per lb. By the 5-lb bag at 45 cents. 

8. If flour costs $1.48 for a 24i/2-lb. bag, what is the cost per 
lb. ? Per cup ? Per tablespoon ? 



FOOD 123 

9. What is the cost of one dozen bananas if 17 can be purchased 
for 50 cents ? 

10. What is the cost of a tablespoon of sugar at 9i/o cents per 
lb.? At 10 cents per lb. ? 

11. The price of sugar increased from 6 to 9I/2 cents per lb., 
what is the actual increase per 25 lbs. ? Per 100 lbs. ? What is 
the per cent, of increase ? 

13. The usual price of sugar is 10 cents per lb. If a grocer adver- 
tises a sale of sugar at 5 lbs for 45 cents, what is the saving per lb. ? 
The per cent.- of saving ? 

13. If cream costs 20 cents a half pint, what is the cost of a 
tablespoonful ? A cupful ? ■ 

14. If butter costs 56 cents a lb., what is the cost of a table- 
spoonful ? A cupful ? 

15. If milk costs 13 cents a quart, what is the cost per oz. ? 
Per tbs. ? 

16. If the net weight of a box of rolled oats which costs 10 cents 
is 12 oz., what is the cost per cup ? Per tablespoon ? 

17. Find the cost of one egg if the market price is 55 cents a 
dozen. 32 cents a dozen. 45 cents. 

18. If eggs are sold at 40 cents a pound, find the cost of one 
egg. Of one dozen eggs. 

19. Sliced bacon costs 12 cents per 14 lb. What is the cost per 
lb. ? If it can be purchased, uncut, at 7 lbs. for $3.10, what is the 
actual saving per lb. ? 

20. Vanilla costs 25 cents for a 2-oz. bottle. What is the price 
per teaspoonful ? 

21. Baking powder costs 25 cents per V2-lb. tin, or 45 cents per 
lb. Find the amount saved in buying 3 lbs. at the lower rate. 

22. Potatoes cost 85 cents a peck, or $3 a bushel. What is the 
actual saving in buying 7 bushels at the lower rate ? Find the cost 
of one quart at each rate. 

23. If walnuts cost 25 cents a pound and are 58 per cent, refuse, 
what is the cost of one pound of walnut meats ? 

24. If walnuts are 30 cents a pound and 58 per cent, refuse, 
what is the cost of one pound of walnut meats? If walnut meats 
sell for $1 a pound, which is the cheaper way to buy walnuts ? 

25. Peanuts are 25 cents a pound and are 25 per cent, refuse. 
What is the cost of one pound of shelled nuts ? 



124 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

DiETAKY Principles 

Planning meals isi not so simple a matter as some persons seem 
to think. Even if a person has sufficient money with which to 
buy food for the family, she may not succeed in furnishing them 
with the kind of nourishment they should have. A diet that satisfies 
the appetite may lack some of the essential elements required to keep 
the body in a healthy, vigorous condition. There are diseases which 
are directly traceable to diets that are lacking in certain essential 
nutritive factors. Beri-beri, a disease that was prevalent in certain 
countries, was traced to a deficiency due to eating a diet composed 
largely of polished rice ; that is, rice from which the germ and the 
bran covering had been removed. This disease can be cured by 
substituting unpolished rice for polished rice without making 
any other alterations in the diet. Investigations have shown that it 
is not only in poor families that there are undernourished children. 
Even though the quantity of food is sufficient, it may be lacking in 
some of the elements that are essential for health and growth. 

The body is a complicated piece of machinery and it needs many 
different kinds of supplies to keep it in working order. First of all, 
it needs fuel to keep it warm. Foods which contain carbohydrates 
in large proportion, such as potatoes, cereals, and sugar, form the 
cheapest source of fuel. Fats, such as butter, lard, and olive oil, 
yield more fuel to the pound, but are a more expensive source of 
fuel and should not be used too freely in the diet, because they make 
the food too " rich." 

There must also be a supply of material to build the body tissues 
and to repair waste. The tissues are constantly being used up in 
the daily activities of life and need to be renewed. During child- 
hood the body increases in size and stature, and requires an addi- 
tional supply of tissue building material. This is supplied in part 
by foods that contain protein. Foods which contain protein are 
milk, lean meats, and cereals, and legumes such as peas and beans. 
The protein in milk is most readily assimilated by the body. 

Certain minerals are also needed for the building of body tissues. 
The bad effect of a diet furnishing an inadequate supply of mineral 
matter may not become evident until after a long period of time, 
and it may not then be discovered except by those experts who are 



FOOD 125 

trained to recognize in the condition of the body the results of a 
lack of iron or calcium or some other mineral. An adequate supply 
of calcium (lime salts) is particularly important, for it is required 
for bones and teeth. Foods must be selected which contain these 
minerals in a form in which they are readily assimilated by the 
body. Of all the food materials there are none from which the 
minerals are more readily assimilated than milk. For that reason, 
if for no other, every one, and particularly young children, should 
have plenty of milk. Milk, however, cannot be relied upon to fur- 
nish all the necessary minerals, for while milk is rich in calcium it 
is relatively poor in iron. This may be supplied by the yolk of the 
egg or by fruit and vegetables which are important sources of 
minerals. Meats may also serve as a source of certain minerals, 
but they are not so desirable for this purpose as either milk or 
fruits and vegetables. 

There are two other substances and possibly a third which must 
be supplied to keep the body healthy and strong. Very little is 
known about the nature of these substances or their exact function 
in digestion. When their presence in foods was discovered these 
substances were given the name " vitamines,^' but more recently 
the first two have been called " fat-soluble A" and " water-soluble B " 
because the first substance can be dissolved in fat and the second in 
water. The third substance is still controversial.^ The substance 
called " fat-soluble A " is found most abundantly in butter-fat, milk, 
and egg' yolk, and to a lesser extent in the leaves of plants. The 
" water-soluble B " is present in abundance in all natural foods 
except those derived from seeds from which the germ, or the bran, 
has been removed ; e.g., bolted flour, starch, sugar, rice, and fats and 
oils of both vegetable and animal origin. In order to promote health, 
to increase resistance to disease, to produce conditions which make 
for efficiency and long life, the diet should contain liberal amounts 
of milk and leafy vegetables. Milk and leafy vegetables are " pro- 
tective " in character in that they correct the deficiencies in other 
foods. To summarize, the essentials of an adequate diet include 
fuel to keep the body warm, protein and mineral matter to provide 
tissue building material, and the substances called vitamines to main- 
tain the conditions necessary to health and growth. 

^ See American Jmirnal of Childr-en's Diseases, April, 1919, "Factors 
Affecting the Anti-Scorbutic Value of Food " by A. F. Heff and L. J. Unger. 



126 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



General directions for planning dietaries might be summed up 
as follows: 

Include in the dietary: cereals, sugar, potatoes, fats, oils, and 
other foods that serve as fuel for the body. 

Include milk and milk products, cereals and legumes, meats and 
eggs in order to furnish protein for building tissues. 

Include milk and milk products, vegetables, fruits,, and eggs, in 
order to secure an adequate supply of calcium, iron and other 
essential minerals. 

Include milk, eggs, and leafy vegetables in order to supply the 
" protective substances " called vitamines. 

Directions for planning meals are stated in the following table : ^ 



Food groups 



Purposes 



Amount needed daily by 
a man at moderate mus- 
cular work 



No. 1. Fruits and vege- 
tables 

No. 2. Medium fat meats, 
eggs, cheese, dried 
legumes, and similar 
foods, milk 

No. 3. Wheat, corn, oats, 
rye, rice and other 
cereals, potatoes, sweet 
potatoes 

N o . 4 . Sugar, honey, sirup , 
and other foods con- 
sisting chiefly of sugar 

No. 5. Butter, oil and 
other foods consisting 
chiefly of fat 



To give bulk and to in- 
sure mineral and body- 
regulating materials 

To insure enough pro- 
tein 



To supply starch, a 
cheap fuel, and to sup- 
plement the protein 
from Group 2 

To supply sugar, a 
quickly absorbed fuel, 
useful for flavor 

To insure fat, a fuel 
which gives richness 



1^ to 3 pounds 

8 to 16 ounces (4 ounces 
of milk counting as 1 
ounce) 

8 to 16 ounces (in- 
creasing as foods from 
Group 2 decrease) 

13^ to 3 ounces 
13^ to 3 ounces 



Moderate muscular work would include such occupations) as 
that of a typesetter, a letter-carrier, a motorman, a chauffeur, a 
carpenter, or painter. Persons who do hard manual labor would 
require more, those who exercise little would require less food. 
The directions in the table provide the variety essential to an ade- 
quate diet, but they need to be modified to supply the needs of 
persons of different ages and different occupations. 



^ The Day's Food in Peace and War, page 19. 



FOOD 127 

EXEKCISE IV 
(Use Tables C and D, pages 184 and 188) 

1. Make out a day's dietary for a typesetter in accordance with 
the above directions, and estimate the cost of the food. 

2. Plan a day's dietary for a letter-carrier at a cost not to 
exceed 40 cents ; 50 cents ; 60 cents. 

3. Make out a day's dietary for a family consisting of a car- 
penter, his wife who does all the housework, and three children 
under ten years of age. The three children will require about as 
much food as two adults. Estimate the cost of the food. 

4. In the dietaries you have planned, which foods' supply pro- 
tein? Calcium? Iron? Vitamines? 

5. Criticize the following day's dietary for a travelling salesman, 
and modify it to meet his needs. 

Breakfast: 1 pork chop '. 4 oz. 

3 rolls 2 oz. 

Butter 1 oz. 

Potatoes 4 oz. 

Cream for coffee 1 oz. 

Sugar % oz. 

Lunch : 2 fried eggs 4 oz. 

Ham 4 oz. 

Waffles 2 oz. 

Syrup 3 oz. 

Butter 2 oz. 

Dinner : Steak 4 oz. 

Butter 1 oz. 

Bread . 2 o(z. 

Potatoes 4 oz. 

Apple pie: 

Apples 3 oz. 

Flour 1/4 oz. 

Fat l^ oz. 

Sugar % oz. 

Cheese V2 oz. 

6. Criticize the following day's dietary for a housekeeper: 

Breakfast : 1 slice toast 1 oz. 

Butter 1/4 oz. 

Cream for coffee Vz oz. 

Sugar , ^ oz. 



128 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Lunch: 2 sandwiches: 

Bread 4 oz. 

Butter 1 oz. 

Cheese 1 oz. 

1 glass milk 8 oz. 

1 apple 4 oz. 

Dinner : Canned baked beans 4 oz. 

Canned tomatoes 3 oz. 

Bread 3 oz. 

Butter 1 oz. 

Sugar for coffee l^ oz. 

Cream % oz. 

Stewed prunes 5 oz. 

7. Does the dietary in example 19 on page 159 fulfill the require- 
ments with regard to vegetables and fruit ? How would you modify 
this dietary to conform to the above standard ? What would be the 
increase in cost? 

8. Find the weight of the different groups of foods in the dietary 
in example 17 on page 158. How would you alter this dietary to 
serve a family of four persons of whom two are children? 

9. From the follov/ing list of foods make out a day's dietary 
for a child of nine years who requires about six-tenths as much 
food as a man at moderate muscular exercise. Estimate the cost of 
the dietary : 

Breakfast : 

Orange or stewed prunes or baked apple 

Oatmeal or other well-cooked cereal 

Milk 

Toast and butter. 
Dinner : 

Soft-cooked egg or small portion of meat 

Potatoes 

Carrots or parsnips or onions or spinach 

Milk 

Bread or rice or hominy 

Butter or jelly 

Pudding or cake or cookies. 
Supper : 

Cream soup or milk on porridge or rice or milk toast 

Bread and butter 

Pudding or stewed fruit. 

FOOD BUDGETS 

The following budgets may be suggestive in determining the 
amount of money to be spent for each of the five divisions of foods. 
They have been worked out in such a way as to insure an ample 



FOOD 129 

amount di calcium, iron, and other minerals, as well as vitamines, 
provided that the amount of money spent for food is sufficient to 
furnish an adequate supply of fuel for the needs of the body : 

Food Bvxlget, or Division of Food Money, for a Minimuin Income* 

Per cent. 

1. Fruits and vegetables 20 

2. (a) Meat, fish, eggs, etc 20 

(&) Milk 20 

3. Cereals 25 

4. Sugars and condiments 5 

5. Fats 10 

Dr. H. G. Sherman's Suggested Food Budgets ^ 

Per cent. 

Meat, poultry, and fish 10-15 

Eggs 5-7 

Milk 25-30 

Cheese 2-3 

Butter and other fats 10-12 

Bread, cereals and other grain products . . 12-15 

Sugar and other sweets About 3 

Vegetables and fruits 15-18 

EXEECISE V 

1. A family has $15 a week to spend for food. What would you 
allow for each of the five groups using the budget for the minimum 
income ? With the amount of money allowed for milk, how many 
quarts a day could be bought ? 

2. If there are two adults and four children in the family, 
what would you buy with the money allowed for meat, fish, and eggs ? 

3. A family consisting of two adults and three children under 
ten years of age has an income of $2000. What amount may be 
allowed for food each week ? What may be allowed for each division 
of the food budget? Make a list of the vegetables and fruits for 
this family for a week, usirg the current prices. 

4. Classify the expenditures for food recorded in the cash 
accounts in examples 3 and 4, pages 32 and 33, and find what per 
cent, was spent for each class of foods. How closely do the expendi- 
tures conform to either of the suggested budgets? What criticisms 
would you make ? What changes ? 

* Modified from a budget used by social workers. 

^ The Chemistry of Food amd Nutrition, H. C. Sherman, used by per- 
mission of and arrangement with the Macmillan Company, Publishers. 

9 



130 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

5. Plan a week's dietary for a family of two adults and two 
children under 12 years of age if $12.50 is allowed for food. 

6. Keep an accurate account of the food purchased for use in 
your home for a week. Eind what per cent, of the total is spent for 
each class of foods and how closely these percentages conform to 
either of the suggested budgets. 

7. Plan a week's dietary for your family. 

Food as Fuel and Tissue-Building Mateeial 

The directions that have been given serve in a general way to 
show how meals should be planned to provide the kinds of. food 
needed to keep the body warm and to provide materials for building 
tissues and for maintaining the conditions essential to health and 
growth. It is possible to measure the amount of fuel and of tissue- 
building material that is supplied by different foods and in this way 
to plan dietaries that meet the needs of persons of different ages 
and occupations. Not enough is known about the so-called vita- 
mines, however, to measure them, and for that reason dietaries 
should be planned to include milk, eggs, and leafy vegetables in 
which they are known to be present in order to supply any deficien- 
cies that might otherwise occur. 

When food is used as fuel to provide heat for the body, its value 
is measured not by its weight or quantity, but by its heat-producing 
power. The amount of heat produced when any substance is burned 
can be measured by the effect of the heat upon a certain amount of 
water. 

Since foodstuffs are burned in the body, the amount of heat 
they yield is measured by using them as fuel to heat a certain 
amount of water and observing the change in temperature of the 
water. These observations have to be made with scientific instru- 
ments especially prepared for the purpose. 

The amount of heat required to warm a pound, i.e.^ approxi- 
mately a pint of water 4 degrees Fahrenheit is called a Large 
Calorie (or simply a Calorie). For example: if the temperature of 
1 pound of water were 60 degrees Fahrenheit, it would require 
1 Calorie of heat to raise the temperature to 64 degrees. 

The precise scientific definition of a Calorie is the amount of 
heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water 
1 degree Centigrade, 



FOOD 131 

The fuel value of foods has been determined by scientists, and 
the results of their investigations have made it nossible to estimate 
the heat-producing power of food materials. 

A table of the fuel value of common food materials is given on 
page 175. By means of this table of the fuel value of foods, it is pos- 
sible to estimate the fuel value of the food materials in menus and 
dietaries. 

FUEL EEQUIEEMENTS 

The amount of fuel needed by each person depends to some 
extent upon his occupation, his age, his height, and his weight. 
Tall, thin persons require more fuel than shorty, fat persons, because 
they have more radiating surface in proportion to their weight. 
Persons who are engaged in active manual labor, such as washing 
clothes or sawing wood, require more fuel than those who spend 
a large part of their time writing at a desk or sewing. More fuel 
is required by children in proportion to their weight than by older 
persons both because they are more active and because they are 
growing and must have more material to provide for their increasing 
size. 

If an adult's occupation is known, his fuel requirement may be 
estimated from the following tables : ^ 

Table I. Fuel Reqdirejient for Adults 

Approximate Energy Reqiiirements of Average-sized Man 

Calories per pound of body weight 
per hour 

Sleeping 0.4 

Sitting quietly 0.6 

At light muscular exercise 1.0 

At active muscular exerciso 2.0 

At severe muscular exercise 3.0 

Table II. Fuel Requiremekt Durlng Growth 
Approximate energy requirement for children, alloicing for moderate 

exercise. 

Calories per pound of body weight 
Age in years per day 

Under 1 45 

1-2 45-40 

2-5 40-36 

6-9 36-30 

10-13 30-27 

14-17 27-20 

17-25 not less than 18 

® Kinne and Cooley. Foods and Household Management, pages 299- 
301. Used by permission of and special arrangement with the Macmillan 
Company, Publishers. 



132 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Light exercise may be considered to mean such work as running 
a sewing machine, or standing at a stove, or walking. Stenogra- 
phers, teachers, and seamstresses do little work heavier than this. 

Active exercise involves use of more muscles. General house- 
workers and delivery boys do about this grade of work. 

Severe exercise causes strain which hardens and enlarges the 
muscles. Active sports such as swimming, bicycling up hill, and 
hard labor such as washing and gardening, are typical of this grade 
of work. 

Still heavier work such as is done by lumbermen and excavators 
demands an even greater allowance of food for fuel. 

In estimating the allowance of food for children, due considera- 
tion must be given to their greater activity, and the estimates in 
Table II should usually be considered as the minimum fuel 
requirement. 

EXEECISE VI 

Problem. — Estimate the probable energy requirement of a stenographer, 
28 years old, weighing 125 pounds, whose time is divided each day about 
as follows : Sleeping, 8 hours ; sitting quietly at meals, reading, taking 
dictation, etc., 8 hours; at light muscular exercise, dressing,, standing, 
walking, typing, etc., 6 hours; at active muscular exercise, playing tennis, 
etc., 2 hours. Use Table I. 

8 X 0.4 Calories ^3.2 Calories per pound of body weight 
8 X 0.6 Calories = 4.8 Calories per pound of body weight 
6 X 1.0 Calories = 6. Calories per pound of body weight 
2 X 2.0 Calories := 4. Calories per pound of body weight 

Total Calories per pound per day= 18. 

125 X 18 = 2250, total Calories per day. 

From the tables on page 131 find the total fuel requirement per 
day for each of the following individuals : 

1. A teacher 30 years old who weighs 145 pounds, and whose 
daily schedule is as follows : Sleeping, 8 hours ; sitting quietly, 5 
hours ; at active exercise, 1 hour ; at light exercise, 10 hours. 

2. A general houseworker, 42 years old, who weighs 152 pounds 
and whose daily schedule is as follows : Sleeping, 8 hours ; sitting, 4 
hours ; at active exercise, 8 hours ; at light exercise, 4 hours. 

3. A laundress, 50 years old, who weighs 170 pounds and whose 
daily schedule is as follows : Sleeping, 8 hours ; sitting quietly, 
3 hours ; at active exercise, 9 hours ; at light exercise, 4 hours. 



FOOD 133 

4. Make out time schedules for your parents, and calculate their 
probable energy requirements. 

5. Estimate the probable energy requirement of a day laborer 
who weighs 170 pounds; a dentist who weighs 180 pounds. 

Estimate the probable fuel requirement for the following young 
persons and tabulate the results : 

6. A child, 5 years old, who weighs 43 pounds. 

7. A child, 8 years old, who weighs 46 pounds. 

8. A boy, 10 years old, who weighs 63 pounds. 

9. A messenger boy, 14 years old, who weighs 97 pounds. 

10. A nursemaid, 15 years old, who weighs 106 pounds. 

11. A farm hand, 16 years old, who weighs 140 pounds. 

12. A school girl, 16 years old, who weighs 109 pounds. 

13. A policeman, 32 years old, who weighs 160 pounds. 

14. A stenographer, 22 years old, who weighs 125 pounds. 

15. Estimate your own fuel requirements. 

16. Estimate the fuel requirements of your own family. 
Estimate the probable fuel requirements ^per pound body weight 

of the following persons and tabulate the results : 

17. A carpenter, of average weight (154 pounds), whose daily 
schedule includes 8 hours sleeping, 6 hours sitting, 4 hours at light 
exercise and 6 hours at active exercise. 

18. A houseworker, of average weight (133 pounds), whose daily 
schedule is similar to that of the carpenter in the preceding problem. 

19. 'A bookkeeper, of average weight (154 pounds), who sleeps 

7 hours, sits 10 hours, and stands at desk or walks 7 hours. 

20. A seamstress, of average weight (133 pounds), whose daily 
schedule is similar to that of the bookkeeper in the preceding 
problem. 

31. A salesman, of average weight (154 pounds), who sleeps 

8 hours, sits quietly 4 hours, stands or walks 10 hours, and exercises 
actively for 3 hours. 

33. A saleswoman, of average weight (133 pounds), whose daily 
schedule is similar to that of the man. 

EXEECISE VII 

The use of scientific standards of food requirements frequently 
necessitates conversion from kilograms to pounds or vice versa. 
[One pound equals .454 kilograms. One kilogram equals' 3.3 



134 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



pounds. See also Metric Equivalent Measures, Table E, page 190] 
(Fig. 35). 

1. The average weight of a man is said to be approximately 70 
kilograms, of a woman 56 kilograms. Express these average weights 
in pounds. 

2. Sill allows 80 Calories per kilogram per day for children 
between 6 and 9 years old. How does this allowance compare with 
the standards on page 131 ? 




'M 

Fig. 25. — 1 kilogram equals 2.2 pounds. 

3. The average weights of children from birth to 4 years are 
given in kilograms in the following table.'' Find the weights in 
pounds and tabulate : 

Age Kilograms Pounds 

At birth 3.4 

6 months 6.8 

1 year 9.5 

2 years — ^boys 13.8 

girls 13.3 

3 years — boys 15.9 

girls 15.0 

4 years — boys .• 17.2 

girls 16.5 

''Sill. New York Medical Journal, Jan. 14, 1911, p. 70. 



FOOD 

rUEL VALUE or FOOD HATERIALS 



135 



Fuel value Cafor/'es 




Rjel value of /ll> (Calories^ 


400 800 IZOO 1600 aOOO S400 eeOO 3^00 360(. 


-5, FBeef, round 






|,S Beef; lorn 




!-£) Beet shoulder 


■0 i?> 


Mutton, leg 


C 


Pork, loin 


- 


<, 


\C0dfi5h, dressed 


(Beef, round 




1 \ Beef, loin 




'^^] Beef, rib 




% 1 Maffon, leg 


Illll. 


^ S Ham, smoked 


\Codfi5li ^dressed 


Oysters 


Eggs 


Milk, unskimmed 


Flilk, skimmed 


Butter 




While f^read 




Willie //our 




Oatmeal 




Cornmeal 




Rice 




Beans 


— 


Potatoes 






■ou(/ur 





Fig. 26. — Fuel value of food materials. 
From Bulletin No. 142, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 



130 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

FUEL VALUE OF FOODS 

The value of certain common foods as sources of heat is repre- 
sented graphically in Fig. 26. Opposite the name of each food 
material in the chart is a broad black line every 5--{g of an inch on 
which is a unit and represents 400 Calories. The number of Calories 
produced per pound is indicated by the number of units in the length 
of the line. Thus, the line opposite round of beef is 3i/4 units long, 
and since 2^ units = 900, round of beef yields approximately 900 
Calories per pound. Similarly, dressed cod, which is followed by 
a line only % a unit long, yields only approximately 200 Calories 
per pound. 

EXERCISE VIII 

Estimate from the chart the number of Calories per pound 
yielded by each of the following foods : 

1. Mutton, leg. 

2. Pork, loin. 

3. Eggs. 

4. Milk, whole. 

5. Milk, skimmed. 

6. ^N'ame five of the foods in the chart that yield a large number 
of Calories per pound. 




Fig. 27. — 100-Calorie portions of fats. 1. Lard, or lard substitute, 0.4 oz., 1 scant 
tbs.; 2. Butter, 0.5 oz., 1 scant tbs.; 3. Butter, 0.5 oz., 1 piece 1 3^"x 1 i/g"x 1 ^"; 4. Oleo- 
margarine, 0.5 oz., 1 scant tbs.; 5. Olive oil or other vegetable oil, 0.4 oz., 1 scant tbs. 

7. Name five of the foods in the chart that yield a small number 
of Calories per pound. 

8. Why does butter yield the largest number of Calories per 
pound of the foods in the chart ? 

9. How would the number of Calories yielded by olive oil com- 
pare with the number yielded by butter? Why? 



FOOD 137 

EXERCISE IX 

The fuel value per pound of the common food materials is given 
in a bulletin published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
The figures are the result of scientific experiments covering a period 
of years, and they represent the averages of many different tests 
under the most expert supervision.^ 

By referring to Table A, page 175, the student will find after the 
names of each food material seven columns. The first six columns 
contain numbers that represent the per cent, of the different nutrients 
in the food. The last column contains a number that represents its 
fuel value expressed in Calories per pound. 

Thus, chuck ribs of beef is made up of 16.3 per cent, refuse, 52.6 
per cent, water, 15.5 per cent, protein, 15 per cent, fat, no carbohy- 
drates^ 0.8 per cent, mineral ash. One pound of this meat produces 
910 Calories. 

For the present the student may disregard the chemical composi- 
tion and refer only to the column headed " Fuel value per pound." 

1. Eead from the table the number of Calories produced by one 
pound of each of the following food materials : 

a. Fruits and vegetables: Skimmed milk 

Lettuce Buttermilk 

Green corn c. Cereal food: 
Onions Entire wheat flour 



Graham flour 

Apples Macaroni 

Bananas Cornmeal 

b. Meats, fish, milk, eggs, etc.: Oat breakfast food 

Sirloin beeksteak White bread 

Beef, rump d. Sugars: 

Leg of lamb Sugar 

Fresh pork chops Molasses 

Halibut steak Honey 

Cheddar cheese e. Fats: 

Hen's eggs Butter 

Peanuts Bacon 

Dried beans Cream 
Wliole milk 

2. Find the number of Calories per one-half pound of each of the 
above food materials. 

' Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food. U. S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. Farmers' Bulletin No. 142. 



138 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



3. Estimate the fuel value of 5 ounces of each of the above food 
materials. 

4. Estimate the fuel value of 



1 c. milk 

1 c. butter 

1 tbs. butter 

1 c. rice 

1 c. flour 



1 tbs. sugar 

1 egg 

1 orange 

1 square bitter chocolate 

1 loaf bread 




Fig. 28. — 100-Calorie portions of fruits. 1. Orange, 9.5 oz., 1 large (3" diam.); 
2 Peaches, canned, 7.5 oz., 2 large halves (2J<"-3" diam.); 3. Grape Fruit, 12.5 oz., 
'2 large (4J^" diam.); 4. Prunes, 1.4 oz., 4 medium (size 40-50); 5. Pineapple, 15.0 oz., % 
small (4" diam.); 6. Raisins, 1. 1 .oz., ]4, ^^up (18 large); 7. Banana, 5.5 oz., 1 large (6K"x 
1^2"); 8. Pears, canned, 4.7 oz., 2 halves (2" diam.); 9. Apple, 7.5 oz., 1 large (3" diam.). 



5. Estimate the fuel value and cost of the following recipes: 



a. Plain muffins 
1 c. flour 
1 egg 

114 e. milk (skimmed) . 
1 tbs. sugar 

1 tbs. butter 

h. White sauce for vegetables 

2 tbs. flour 

2 tbs. butter 

1 c. milk (skimmed) 
c. Home-made ice cream 

2 c. milk (whole) 
2 c. cream. 

1 c. sugar 

2 tbs. flour 
2 eggs 

1 tbs. vanilla (this has no fuel 
value ) 



Plain cake 
14 c. butter 

1 c. sugar 

2 eggs 

% c. milk 
11/^ c. flour 
2 ts. baking powder 
spk. salt 
14 ts. vanilla 
Barley sponge cake 

W'x c. barley flour (fuel value 

of 1 lb. = 1596 Calories) 
4 eggs 

1% c. corn svrup (fuel value 
of 1 lb.=*1266 Calories) 

1 tbs. lemon juice 
14 ts. salt 

2 ts. bakine- uowder 



FOOD 139 

6. The following dietary provides food for a week for a family 
of five persons. The father is a clerk, the son is at school most of the 
day, and the wife is a thin person who is, however, well able to do 
the work. Find the number of Calories furnished by the food and 
the cost at the current local prices : ^ 

Food Material Pounds Food Material Pounds 

Beef soup meat 4 Corn svrup 2 

Codfish 1 Beans " 2 

Eggs, 1 dozen Carrots 4 

Fats of various kinds 1 Onions 4 

Milk, 21 quarts Potatoes 15 

Cheese V2 Apples 4 

Bread 12 Prunes 2 

Macaroni 1 Cocoa ^4 

Rice 1 Tea % 

Oatmeal 3 Coffee 1/2 

Sugar 2 Dates 1 

The Eelative Cost of Foods as Soueces of Fuel 
One important method of estimating the relative cost of foods 
is to find the cost of each kind of food as a source of fuel. This 
method leaves out of consideration the value of these food materials 
as sources of protein, mineral materials and vitamines, without 
which the diet would be wholly inadequate. 

But since fuel for the body is a large item in the dietary require- 
ment, it is desirable to know which foods are cheap sources of heat. 

EXERCISE X 

Problem. — How many pounds of dried beef at 45 cents a pound can be 
purchased for $1? How many Calories will this amount of dried beef yield? 
Letaj=the number of pounds of dried beef to be bought for $1. 

Then —7:7; = — 
1.00 X 

x=^ 2.2 approximately, that is, 2.2 lbs. can be bought for $1. 
One pound vields 790 Calories. 

Hence, 2.2 lb. yield 2.2 X 790 Calories, or 1738 Calories. 
That is, $1 will buy 1738 Calories. 
The results may be tabulated as follows: 

Cost of Energy Derived From Foods. 

Name 









Date 


Name of Food 


Price per pound 


Pounds 

for $1.00 


Calories 
for $1.00 


Dried beef 


.$.45 


2.2 


1738 



^ This dietary is taken from The Day's Food in War and Peace, pub- 
lished by the U. S. Food Administration, Department of Agriculture. 



140 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Classify the following list of foods in the five groups, find the 
amount of each food and the total number of Calories that can be 
purchased for $1, and tabulate the results, arranging the foods in 
each group in the order of economy as to fuel value : 



1. 


Butter 


13. 


Tomatoes 


2. 


Whole milk 


13. 


Turkey 


3. 


Eggs 


14. 


Beans, dried 


4. 


American cheese 


15. 


Cornflakes 


5. 


Roast beef 


16. 


Dates 


6. 


Rolled oats 


17. 


Soda crackers 


7. 


Sugar, granulated 


18. 


Raisins 


8. 


Wheat bread 


19. 


Walnuts 


9. 


White flour 


20. 


Bananas 


10. 


Cornmeal 


21. 


Apples 


11. 


Oysters 







22. Illustrate graphically the relative amount of fuel that can 
be obtained from one dollar's worth of any five of the above foods, 
and arrange in order of economy. 

EXEECISE XI 

Another method of comparing the relative fuel value of foods 
is to find the cost of 1000 Calories furnished by the various fuel- 
producing food materials. In estimating the relative cost of foods 
as sources of fuel, it must be remembered that foods such as leafy 
vegetables, which are primarily of value because they furnish 
minerals and increase the bulk of the food, cannot be compared on 
the basis of their fuel value. 

Problem. — Find the weight and cost of 1000 Calories derived from butter. 

From the table on page 175, butter yields 3410 Calories per pound, i.e., 

per 16 ounces. 
Let X represent the number of ounces required to yield 1000 Calories. 

Tb ^= ^^ 
16 3410 
That is, a;:^4.7, the number of ounces of butter required to yield 1000 

Calories. 
If the market price of butter is 58 cents per pound, 4.7 ounces will cost 

17 cents. 
In other words, 1000 Calories can be obtained from 4.7 ounces of butter 
at a cost of 17 cents. 



FOOD 



141 



Using the local prices, find the cost of 1000 Calories of the fol- 
lowing foods and arrange the results in groups according to the 
classification on page 126. The least expensive source of fuel should 
be placed first in each group and the others should be arranged in 
order of economy. 



9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 



Bacon 

Bananas 

Beans, baked, canned 

Beans, dried 

Beef loin 

Beef, round 

Bread, white 

Butter 

35 c. per lb. 

48 c. per lb. 

55 c. per lb. 
Carrots 

Cheese, American pale 
Cheese, cream 
Chicken 
Chocolate 
Cornflakes 
Crackers, soda 
Cream 
Dates 

35. Walnuts 



18. Eggs 

35 c. per doz. 
45 c. per doz. 
65 c. per doz. 
70 c. per doz. 

19. Lard 

20. Lettuce 

21. Liver, veal 

22. Macaroni 

23. Milk, skimmed 

24. Milk, whole 

25. Mutton, leg 

26. Oleomargarine ^'^ 

27. Oranges 

28. Oysters 

29. Peanuts 

30. Potatoes 

31. Prunes, dried ^° 

32. Eaisins 

33. Rice 

34. Salmon, canned 



EXEECISE XII 

Arrange the foods in the preceding list in four columns in 
order of economy as follows : 

Group I. — Less than 10 cents per 1000 calories. 
Group II. — Ten to 20 cents per 1000 Calories. 
Group III. — Twenty-one to 40 cents per 1000 Calories. 
Group IV. — Over 40 cents per 1000 Calories. 

"Oleomargarine: Fuel value per pound, 3525 Calories; Prunes: Fuel 
value per pound, 1400 Calories. 



142 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

EXEECISB XIII 

Arrange the following kinds of shortening in the order of 
economy per 1000 Calories and illustrate graphically: 

1. Butter 4. Lard 

2. Oleomargarine 5. Crisco 

3. Cream 6. Olive oil 

7. Cotton-seed table oil (4080 Calories per pound). 

Arrange the following i)rotein foods in the order of economy per 
1000 Calories and illustrate graphically : 

8. Eound of beef 12. Eolled oats 

9. Leg of mutton 13. Eggs 

10. American pale cheese 14. Dried beans 

11. Peanuts 15. Milk 

EXEECISE XIV 

In estimating the necessary expenditure for food for a family, 
the dietary standards on page 131 may serve as a guide to show 
how much fuel is . actually needed by each individual. "When the 
total requirement for the family has been determined, the total 
cost can be estimated from the table giving the cost per 1000 
Calories. It is evident that, for an economical diet, much of the 
food should be chosen from the group " less than 10 cents per 1000 
Calories.^' 

1. Is it possible to supply the necessary fuel requirement for 
a general houseworker requiring about 3000 Calories per day, if 50 
cents per day is allowed for food ? What will be the average cost of 
the food per 1000 Calories ? From which of the groups of foods in 
the table on page 141 Avould you select most of the foods ? 

2. If 55 cents per day is allowed for the same person ? 

3. If 70 cents per day is allowed for the same person ? 

4. A family of 2 adults and 5 children is allowed $12.50 per week 
for food. If their total energy requirement per day is 13,000 
Calories, what is the average allowance per 1000 Calories ? Discuss. 

5. If $15 is allowed for the same family? 

6. If $20 is allowed for the same family? 

7. According to the theoretical division of income given in 
Table II on page 19, how much may a family of four, whose income 



FOOD 



143 



is $1200 a year, spend per year for food? How much per month? 
Per day ? If the daily fuel requirment is 11,000 Colories, what 
should be the average cost per 1000 Calories? 

8. If the income of the family in problem 13 is $1500, find the 
average cost per 1000 Calories. 

9. If the income for the same family is $2000, from which 
groups of foods in the table on page 141 may the foods be selected ? 
If $3000? 

10. How much per 1000 Calories is available for foods on an 




Fig. 29. — 100-Calorie portions of vegetables. 1. Turnips, 12.9 oz., 4 turnips (2" 
diam.); 2. Onions, 8.0 oz., ^ medium (2K"-3" diam.); 3. Lettuce, 22.3, oz., 2 large heads 
(4"x5"); 4. Potatoes, 5.3 oz., 1 medium (2K" diam.); 5. Asparagus, 15.9 oz., 20 8" pieces; 
6. Corn, 9.0 oz., 2 6" ears or 3 4" ears; 7. Cabbage, 13.3 oz., Y^ medium (6" by 4"); 
8. Tomatoes, 15.5 oz., 2-3 medium (2K"-3" diam.); 9. Carrots, 10.1 oz., 4-5 (3"-4"). 



income of $2000 for a family whose daily energy requirement is 
13,000 Calories? 

11. In an experiment in economical feeding in New York City, 
in 1917, 25 cents per day was allowed for food for an average sized 
policeman, weighing 160 pounds. Estimate the energy requirement 
of the policeman and find the cost of the food per 1000 Calories. 

12. In a similar experiment in Chicago 45 cents per day was 
allowed. Find the average cost per 1000 Calories. 

13. If the average cost of food is reduced from 29 cents per 
1000 Calories to 25, what is the per cent, of saving? 

14. If the average cost per 1000 Calories is reduced from 28 cents 
to 25 cents, what is the actual saving? The per cent, of saving? 



144 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



15. If this rate of saving could be maintained, what would be 
saved in a week by a family that require 12,000 Calories per day ? 

16. If the average cost per 1000 Calories is reduced from 35 
cents to 25 cents, what is the per cent, of saving? How much 
would be saved in a month (30 days) by a family of six whose daily 
fuel requirement is 13,500? 

17. Mrs. Montgomery found, after a study of the dietary for 
her family, that the average cost per 1000 Calories was about 33 




Fig. 30. — 100-Calorie portions of cereals and cereal products. 1. Graham crackers, 
0.8 oz., 2 crackers; 2. Bread, white, 1.4 oz., 2 slices 3"x3><"x /4"; 3. Roll, 1.3 oz., 1 roll, 
2"x3"x2"; 4. Soda crackers, 0.9 oz., 4, 3" x3"; 5. Steamed Rice, 4.0 oz., % c.\6. Cornflakes 
1.0 oz., \}/i c; 7. Rolled oats, cooked, 4.5 oz., % c; 8. Saltines, 0.9 oz., 6 saltines; 
9. Shredded Wheat, 1.0 oz., 1 biscuit; 10. Macaroni, cooked, 5.2 oz., 1 c; 11. Vanilla 
wafers, 0.8 oz., 5, 2" wafers. 

cents. . By careful management, she was able to reduce this to 30 
cents per 1000 Calories. What per cent, of saving did she make? 
18. There are five in Mrs. Montgomery's family, and their daily 
fuel requirement is 12,000 Calories. At 33 cents per 1000 Calories, 
find the cost of food per month (30 days). How much did she save 
by reducing the cost to 30 cents per 1000 Calories ? 



100-Caloeie Portion 

For the sake of simplifying the process of computing the fuel 
value of foodstuffs in every-day use, a standard portion has been 
adopted. This standard portion is the amount of food required to 
yield 100 Calories, and it is commonly called the lOO-Calorie por- 
tion. In many cases the 100-Calorie portion corresponds to the 



FOOD 145 

amount of food iisiially served to one person at a time. Thus, one 
shredded wheat yields 100 Calories (Fig. 30) and is a standard por- 
tion; one average potato is a 100-Calorie portion (Fig, 29); one 
large orange or one large apple (Fig. 28). 

The weight of 100-Calorie portions of common food materials 
can be computed from the table of the Composition of American 
Food Materials on page 175. 




Fig. 31.— 100-Calorie portions of sugar and other sweeteners. 1. Loaf sugar, 0.9 
oz., 33-2 full sized pieces; 2. Molasses, 1.2 oz., 2 scant tbs.; 3. Granulated sugar, 0.9 oz., 
2 scant tbs.; 4. Corn syrup, 1.1 oz., 2 scant tbs.; S. Honey, 1.1 oz., 1}4" cube. 

EXEECTSE XV 

Problem. — Find the weight of a 100-Calorie portion of granulated sugar 
and translate the result into terms of household measures. 

One pound of sugar yields 1750 Calories. 
(See the Table on page 175.) 
1 lb. = 16 oz. 

Let .X' = the nimiber of ounces in a 100-Calorie portion; 
rp. X 100 

^^^° re = 1750 
x = .^ + 
That is, .9 oz. of granulated sugar yields 100 Calories. 
Hence a little less than two tablespoonsful of sugar yields 100 Calories 
(Fig. 31). 

Find the number of ounces in a 100-Calorie portion of the fol- 
lowing food materials, and tabulate the results. Translate the 
results when possible into terms of household measures. 
10 



146 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



Calories 
Food per lb. 

1. Smoked ham 1635 

3. Corned beef 1345 

3. Oysters 335 

4. Butter 3410 

6. Entire wheat flour 1650 

6. Eice 1630 

7. Cheddar cheese 2075 

8. Milk, whole 310 

9. Buttermilk 160 

10. Peanuts 1775 




Fig. 32. — 100-Calorie portions of protein-containing foods. 1. Cottage cheese, 3.2 
oz., J^ c; 2. American cheese, 0.8 oz., 1 Ys" cube; 3. Skimmed milk, 9.6 oz., 1 J^ c.; 4. 
Broiled bacon, 0.5 oz., 4-5sHces >i"x4"; 5. Whole milk, 5.1 oz., Vi c; 6. Beef round, 1.7 
oz., 2"x3"xK"; 7. 18% cream, 1.8 oz., % c; 8. Lamb chop, 1.3 oz., 2"x2"x K"; 9. 40% 
of cream, 0.9 oz., l\i tbs.; 10. Sardines, 1.7 oz., 3-6; 11. Eggs, 2.7 oz., 1 J^ eggs. 



DiETAEIES 

The fuel value of a combination of foods can be computed by 
means of a table giving the weights and measures of 100-Calorie 
portions of the ordinary foods. A list of lOO-Calorie portions will 
be found in Table B, page 179. 

When any food material or combination of food materials is not 
found in the table, the student should compute the fuel value from 
the table of The Composition of Common American Food Materials. 
(Table A, page 175.) 

For equivalent weights and measures of the ordinary food 
materials, the student is referred to Tables C and D, pages 184 
and 188. 



FOOD 147 

Although protein is not used primarily as fuel in the body and 
its dietary value lies in the fact that it serves to supply the kind 
of material needed to build and repair tissues, nevertheless protein 
may serve as a source of fuel (Fig. 33). For that reason the amount 
of protein in the diet can be stated in terms of Calories instead of 
ounces. If the number of Calories supplied by protein in a day's 
dietary is not less than 10 per cent, nor more than 15 per cent, of the 
total number of Calories supplied, the amount of protein in the day's 
dietary will satisfy the body requirements. 

EXERCISE XVI 

Problem. — Find the total number of Calories yielded by i/g pound of 

butter. 
From the table of lOO-Calorie portions, .5 oz. of butter yields 100 

Calories. (Fig. 27.) 
Since .5 oz. is contained in Vs poi^md, or 2 oz., 4 times, % pound of 

butter yields 4 times 100 Calories or 400 Calories. 
Problem. — Find the total number of Calories yielded, by 1 cup of cocoa. 
From the table of lOO-Calorie portions, % of a cup of cocoa yields 100 

Calories. 
Since % cup is contained in 1 cup 1% times, 1 cup of cocoa yields 1% 

times 100 Calories or 1G7 Calories. 

State the answers to the nearest unit, thus 33.3 Calories should 
be called 33 Calories, but 33.5 Calories should be called 34 Calories. 

Find the number of standard portions, and the total number 
of Calories yielded by each of the following foods (use Table B, 
page 179) : 

shredded wheat biscuit 

slices of bread 

tbs. of butter 

oz. cornflakes 

peanuts 

tbs. granulated sugar 

large eggs (1 large egg equals l^/s medium-sized eggs) 

medium-sized egg 

large doughnuts 

tbs. cream (thick) 

cup whole milk 

dates 

fig 

pt. whole milk 



1. 


1 


2. 


2 


3. 


4 


4. 


8 


5. 


12 


6. 


3 


7. 


3 


8. 


1 


9. 


3 


10. 


1 


11. 


1 


12. 


4 


13. 


1 


14. 


1 



148 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



15. 


1/4 


cup whole milk 




16. 


1 


cup skimmed milk 




17. 


3 


cups whole milk 




18. 


1 


tbs. cream (18 per 


cent.) 


19. 


V2 


lb. roast beef 




20. 


Vs 


cup skimmed-milk 

EXERCISE XVII 





Problem. — Find the number of 100-Calorie portions, and tlie total 
Calories, and the number of Calories yielded by protein in a 14-cent loaf 
of bread weighing 22 oz. 

From the table of 100-Calorie portions 1.4 oz. of bread yields 100 
Calories, of which 14 are froin protein. 

Let a; = the number of 100-Calorie portions in 22 oz. 

Theni|=l 

Solving, a;= 16, approximately, the number of 100-C'alorie portions. 
16 X 100= 1600, the number of Calories yielded by 22 oz. of bread. 
16 X 14 = 224, the number of Calories yielded by the protein. 

Find the number of standard portions, the total number of 
Calories in each of the following foods (use Table B, page 179) : 

1. 8 saltines 

3. 1 lamb chop (as purchased) 

3. 1 graham cracker 

4. ^2 lb. walnuts (shelled) 

5. 3 slices zwieback 

6. 1 large orange 

7. 6 lb. roast beef 

8. 1 glass buttermilk 

9. 1 qt. oysters (28 oysters) 

10. 1 cup skimmed-milk 

11. 1 cup cornflakes 

12. 1 cup bean soup 

13. 1 cup beef juice 

14. 1 pt. peanuts (ooz.) 

15. 1 lb. raisins 

16. 1 doz. eggs 

17. % lb. brown sugar 

18. 1 can tomatoes (32 oz.) 



FOOD 149 

EXEECISE XVIII 

In many of the simple combinations of foods that are commonly 
used, such as crackers and cheese, bread and butter, bread and milk, 
the amount of fuel derived from protein is not less than 10 per cent, 
nor more than 15 per cent, of the total fuel value of the foods. For 
that reason such combinations of foods can be added to the menu 
without altering the relative amount of protein in the day's dietary. 

Problem. — Find the total numiber of Calories, the numlaer of Calories 
yielded by protein, the total cost, and the cost per 1000 Calories of the 
following combination of food materials: 

2 oz. of American pale cheese and 8 soda crackers. 

From the table of 100-Calorie portions .8 oz. of cheese yields 100 Calories 

of which 26 are from protein. 
Let a? = the number of 100-Calorie portions in 1/3 lb. or 2 oz. of cheese. 

Then I = - 

2 X 

Solving a? =2.5, the number of 100-Calorie portions. 

2.5 X 100 :^ 250, the number of Calories yielded by 2 oz. of cheese. 

2.5 X 26 = 65, the number of Calories yielded b}' the protein. 

From the table, 8 soda crackers yield 200 Calories, of which 20 are from 

protein. 

250 -^- 200 = 450, the total niunber of Calories yielded by the food. 

20 + 65 = 85, the total amount of Calories yielded by the protein. 

85 

— — - = 19 per cent, approximately, the per cent, of the total Calories 

supplied by protein. 
Vs pound cheese at $.30 a pound is $.0375. 

8 crackers at $.10 per box containing 22 crackers is $.0364. 
Henc.e the total cost is $.0739, i.e., 450 Calories of crackers and cheese 

cost $.0739. 
Let X represent the number of dollars in the cost of 1000 Calories. 
X _ iOOO 

.0739 ~ 450 
orx^$.16. 
Hence, $.16 is the cost of 1000 Calories of crackers and cheese. 
The results may be tabulated as on page 150. 

The amount of time involved in obtaining the desired data can 
be lessened by observing the following directions : 

(a) Enter the name and the quantity of each of the foods. 

(&) Enter the weight of the given quantity of each of the foods. 
(It is not necessary to know the weight of certain foods, e.g., eggs, 
lettuce, etc., in order to determine the number of 100-Calorie por- 
tions. After a little practice in the use of the tables the student 
will know when the weight of a food need not be entered.) 



150 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



o 
O 



g c^ 



6 



^ 



Calories 
yielded by 
protein in 

given 
quantity 




o 


00 


Calories 
yielded by 
protein in 
100-Calorie 

portion 


CO o 




^ 2 

^6 






6 m 

O © c 


lO O 




o 


S <B o3 

t3 03 !h 
!^ <B ^ 

R o 


"c 




Mo 


O GO 




03 


^ 00 






Cost per 

given 
quantity . 


I> CO 

o o 

m 


CO 


u 

! 

o 
O 


0, 

p 

C 

ec 


o 

(N 

;-! 

CD 

o 

r-H 


£ 

E^ 





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FOOD 15] 

(c) Eefer to the table of 100-Calorie portions and enter, in the 
proper columns after each food, the number of 100-Calorie portions 
and the number of protein Calories yielded by a 100-Calorie portion. 
It is important, in securing efficiency, that these items should be 
entered for all ingredients before any of the other computations 
are made. 

(d) Compute, for each food, the total number of Calories and the 
number of protein Calories yielded by the given amount. 

(e) Find the totals of columns 7 and 9. 

(/) Find the per cent, of the total number of Calories derived 
from protein. 

Find the total number of Calories, the number of Calories 
derived from protein, the per cent, of the total number of Calories 
derived from protein, the total cost, and the cost per 1000-Calorie 
portion of the following combinations of food materials : 

1. One slice of bread 6. Egg sandwich: 

1/4 oz. of butter 2 slices of bread 

2. 2 slices of bread . 1 pat butter 
1 cup of whole milk i/^ egg 

3. 1 shredded wheat 7. One glass milk 
Vo cup of IS per cent, cream Date sandwich: 

4. 10 peanuts 2 slices of bread 
1 apple 1 pat butter 

5. Beef sandwich: 4 dates 

2 slices of bread 8. Cream tomato soup. 

1 pat butter Crackers 

1 tbs. of chopped beef 

9. Make a simple combination of foods similar to the preced- 
ing, and find the total number of Calories, the number of Calories 
derived from protein, and the per cent, of the total number of 
Calories derived from protein. 

EXEKCI3E XIX 

The fuel value of menus can be computed by the same method 
as that used in computing the fuel value of combinations of foods. 
Problem. — In the following menu, compute: 

( 1 ) the total number of Calories ; 
.(2) the average number of Calories per individual; 

(3) the total number of Calories yielded by protein; 

(4) the per cent, of the total number of Calories derived 

from protein ; 

(5) the total cost; 

(6) the cost per individual; 

(7) the cost per 1000 Calories. 



152 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 








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b o 

Fh o3 



E o 



o'£b 3 



O 



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00 i-H CO tH CO 1—1 (M • CO • ■ 



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FOOD 153 

Dinner Menu for Six Persons 

Bouillon 1 1/^ cans Butter 4 oz. 

Crackers, saltines 13 Cranberry sauce: 

Chicken 5 lbs. Cranberries 1 cup 

Chicken gravy: Sugar % cup 

Chicken stock 1 cup Water 1/2 cup 

Flour 2 tbs. Lettuce salad : 

Water 1 cup Lettuce 1 head 

Eice 1 cup French dressing % cup 

Asparagus 1 bunch Ice cream 1 qt. 

Bread % loaf Sponge cake Vs recipe 

Recipe for Sponge Cake. 

2 eggs 

1 c. sugar . 

1 c. flour 

114 ts- baking powder 

y2 ts. vanilla 

Cream 6 tbs. 

Coffee 6 tbs. 

Sugar 9 lumps 

The results are tabulated on page 152. 
In estimating the fuel value of dietaries it is sometimes desir- 
able to compute the fuel value of each meal in the dietary separately, 
and then to combine the totals; otherwise the amount of compu- 




Fig. 33. — A dinner for a woman. 

tation is somewhat lessened by computing the fuel value of the 
entire dietary at the same time, combining all the foods that occur 
in more than one meal and finding their fuel value as a whole. To 
illustrate, if butter is served at the table and if it is also used in 
the preparation of vegetables, it is simpler to find the total fuel 
value of the butter used than to compute each amount separately. 
In the same way, if milk is served at each meal and also used in 
cooking, it is usually simpler to find the fuel value of the total 
amount for the day than for each recipe and each meal separately. 



154 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

The recipes in the menus given on pages 154-157 are printed 
on pages 138 and 172-173. If the fuel value of these recipes has been 
computed and kept on file, these results can be used in computing 
the fuel value of the dietaries : if not, the computation will have to 
be made at this time or other foods substituted. 

In each of the following menus and dietaries compute : 

(a) the total number of Calories per meal or per day; 

(&) the average number of Calories per individual per meal 
or per day; 

(c) the total number of Calories yielded by protein per meal 
or per day; 

(d) the per cent, of the total number of Calories derived from 
protein ; 

(e) the total cost; 

(/) the cost per individual ; 
(g) the cost per 1000 Calories. 

Criticize the results when possible with reference to the per cent, 
of fuel supplied by protein. 

1. Breakfast for 1 person : 

Orange 1 

Cornflakes 1 oz. 

Thin cream % cup 

Rolls 2 

Butter 1 pat 

Milk 1 glass 

2. Breakfast for 1 person : 

Banana 1 

Farina . . 1 oz. dry 

Thin cream ^4 cup 

Toast 2 slices 

Butter 1 pat 

Egg 1 

Coffee 1 tbs. 

Cream 1 tbs. 

Sugar 2 ts. 

3. Breakfast for a family of 6 : 

Stewed prunes % lb. with juice 

Shredded wheat biscuit 6 

Whole milk 2 qts. 

Bread 1/2 loaf 

Butter 3 oz. 

Bacon 12 slices 

Eggs 6 



FOOD 155 



4. Lunch for family of 6 : 

Peas, green 1 qt. 

Milk 14 cup 

Cream of salmon on toast 

Salmon i/^ lb. 

Cream sauce 1 cup 

Toast 6 slices 

Graham bread 12 slices 

Butter 6 oz. 

Peaches 6 

5. Lunch for 2 girls : 

Eggs .3 

Bread 6 slices 

Butter 2 oz. 

Spinach, boiled, chopped 1 pt. 

Milk 2 glasses 

Plain cake 2 pieces 

6. Lunch for a school girl : 

Cream of pea soup 

Peas 14 can 

Sugar 14 ts. 

Water Vs cup 

Milk 1,4 cup 

Butter 1/4 tbs. 

Flour - 1/2 tbs. 

Toast 2 slices 

Butter 1 tbs. 

Baked apple 1 

Cookies, plain 2 

7. Dinner for a woman (Fig. 33, page 153) : 

• Cold roast beef 3 oz. 

Potato 1 

Tomato salad 

Tomato I 

Mayonnaise dressing 1 tbs. 

Lettuce 2 leaves 

Roll 1 

Butter 1 tbs. 

Ice cream % cup 

Sponge cake 1 piece 

8. Lunch for 4 girls : 

Lamb chops 4 

Baked potatoes 4 

Bread 8 slices 

Butter 8 tbs. 

Bananas and oranges sliced 

Bananas 2 

Oranges 2 

Sugar 2 ts. 

Cookies, plain 8 



156 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

9. Lunch for 3 children: 

Milk toast 

Milk 3 cups 

Toast 6 slices 

Stewed prunes % lb. ( dried) 

Barley sponge cake 3 pieces 



10. Dinner for 6 adults : ^ 

Tomato soup 

Tomatoes, canned 1 cup 

Milk 1 qt. 

Flour 2 tbs. 

Salt 2 ts. 

Soda .....% tbg. 

Butter 2 tbs. 

Mutton, leg 3 lbs. 

Mashed potatoes 6 

Bread . .V2 loaf 

Butter 4 oz. 

String beans 1 qt. 

Cabbage salad 

Cabbage %^ head 

Salt 1/2 ts. 

Mustard ^ ts, 

Cayenne spk. 

Sugar 1 ts. 

Egg 1 

Milk % cup 

Butter 2 ts. 

Vinegar 14 cup 

Lemon Jelly 

Gelatin 2 tbs. 

Water 2% cups 

Sugar '. 1 cup 

Lemons 2 

Thick cream 1 cup 

Coffee 3 tbs. 

Sugar 6 lumps 



11. Supper for 2 adults and 3 children : 

Cheese souffl§ 

Cheese 14 ^^• 

Eggs 4 

Cream sauce 1% cups 

Riced potatoes 5 

Bread 12 slices 

Butter 8 pats 

Cake, plain 5 slices 

Baked apples 5 



FOOD 157 

Decide upon the amount of each kind of food to be served in 
the following menus, and then compute the fuel value as above : 

12. Dinner for a child 5 years old : 

Bread Green peas (fresh) 

Butter Prunes 

Creamed potatoes Milk 

13. Dinner for a salesman's family of 2 adults and a child 8 

years old : 

Roast beef Spinach 

Creamed macaroni Celery and nut salad with 

1 cup macaroni French dressing 

1 cup cream sauce Ice cream 
Bread and butter 

14. Dinner for a machinist's family of 2 adults and 3 children : 

Roast pork Cabbage salad 

Mashed potatoes and gravy Apple pie 

Bread and butter Cheese 
Creamed carrots 

15. Make an accurate list of the amount and kind of food served 
in your home for breakfast and compute the fuel value of the meal 
as above. 

16. Dietary for a child 2-4 years old: ^^ 

Breakfast: 7.30 A.M. 

Oatmeal mush 0.8 ounce dry cereal 

Milk 1^/4 cups 

Stale bread 1 slice 

Orange juice 4 tbs. (33 Calories) 

Lunch : 11 A.M. 

Milk 1 cup 

Stale bread 1 slice 

Butter •.....".... 1 ts. 

" Adapted from child's dietary in The Feeding of Young Children, by 
Mary Swartz Rose. Used by permission of and special arrangement with 
the Macmillan Company, Publishers. 



158 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Dinner: 1 p.m. 

Baked potato 1 

Boiled onion ( mashed ) 1 

Bread and butter 1 slice 

Milk to drink 1 cup 

Baked apple 1 

Supper: 5.30 p.m. 

Boiled rice 4 tbs., dry 

Milk % cup 

Bread and butter 1 slice 

17. Dietary for a business man of average weight arranged tc 
agree with the Atwater dietary standards.^^ 

Breakfast. 

Weight of food 
in ounces 

Bananas 3.5 

Oatmeal (weighed dry ) 1.0 

Sugar 1.0 

Cream 2.0 

Eggs, 2 3.5 

Toast 2.0 

Roll 1.0 

Butter . , 0.5 



Luncheon. 



Bluefish " 4.0 

Potato 4.2 

Rolls 2.0 

Butter 1.0 

Milk 5.0 

Apple pie 4.0 

Dinner. 

Steak 4.0 

Potatoes 4.0 

Corn, canned 3.5 

Celery 4.0 

Bread 2.0 

Butter 1.0 

Baked apple 5.5 

Cream 4.0 

"The Chemistry of Food and Nutrition, by H. C. Sherman, p. 211. 

Used by permission of and special arrangement with the Macmillan Com- 
pany, Publishers. 

" Four oz. of bluefish yield 100 Calories, of which 88 are derived from 
protein. 



FOOD 159 

18. Dietary for a family of 2 adults and 4 children.^* 
Breakfast. 

Food Amount 

Rolled oats Rolled oats 2 cups 

Milk and sugar Milk 1 qt. 

Bread and butter Sugar ^4 Ib- 

Coflfee Bread li^lba. 

Cocoa shells (for children)'^ Oleomargarine 4 oz. 

Cotf ee Yz oz. 

Dinner. 

Meat balls Meat (round of beef).! lb. 

Rice with brown gravy Rice 1 1/^ lbs. 

Boiled onions Onions 1 lb. 

Bread and butter Flour ; 3 cups 

Sliced bananas with lemon Lemon 1 

juice Bananas 6 

Tea 1 oz. 

Supper. 

Baking powder biscuits 
Sugar syrup 
Tea with lemon 

19. The following dietary for a family of five, consisting of 
father, mother, and three children between five and fourteen years 
of age, was proposed as a minimum for the maintenance of health. 
Compute the fuel value, the per cent, of fuel derived from protein, 
and the cost per 100-Calorie portion, and discuss in relation to 
dietary standards and local prices : ^^ 

1 pound of cereal, cornmeal, oatmeal : $.03 

1 pound of sugar 08 

2l^ pounds of bread, 3 loaves, day old 09 

Vs pound of molasses 02 

% pound of oleomargarine 11 

2 quarts of milk 12 

Total $.45 

" Taken from Lessons in the Proper Feeding of the Family, by 
Winifred S. Gibbs, Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 
New York. 

^^ The nutritive value of cocoa shells may be considered negligible. 

" This dietary and the substitutions were suggested by Dr. Haven 
Emerson, Commissioner of Health, New York, in a speech to a group of 
cloak-makers out of work on account of a strike. His estimate of the total 
cost was 45 cents; of the total Calories, 10,000. (From report in New York 
Times, July, 1916.) 



160 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

20. Make the following substitutions in the preceding dietary 
and discuss the alteration in cost, in fuel value, the per cent, 
of the fuel derived from protein, and the cost per 100-Calorie 
portion. 

" If 20 cents more a day can be spared, it should be spent for 
10 cents' worth of potatoes and 10 cents' worth of apples. One- 
half pound of pork fat, costing 10 cents, may be substituted for the 
oleomargarine." 

Economy in Planning Meals 
The cost of a dietary can frequently be lessened without altering 
its total fuel value by substituting in place of the more expensive 
foods in the dietary, the amount of a cheaper food that will yield 
an equivalent fuel value. 

EXEECISE XX 

Prohlem. — How many pounds of dried beans will have the same fuel 
value as one pound of mutton chops? If dried beans cost $.14 per pound 
and mutton chops $.35 per pound, find the actual saving in buying the 
cheaper food. 

Dried beans and mutton chops have fuel values of 1520 and 1415 Calo- 
ries per pound respectively. 

Let a? = the required number of pounds of dried beans. 

and a? =.93. 
That is, .93 pounds of dried beans will have the same fuel value as 
1 pound of mutton chops. 

.93 X $.14 = $.1302 or $.13, the cost of the dried beans. 
$.35 — $.13:= $.22, the saving in buying beans. 
Hence, $.13 worth of dried beans have fuel value equivalent to $.35 
worth of mutton chops. 

1. How many pounds of American pale cheese will have the 
same fuel value as 2 lbs. of sirloin steak? Find the difference 
in cost. 

2. If peanuts are substituted for 2 lbs. of round steak, how 
many pounds must be bought to produce the same number of 
Calories? Find the actual saving in using peanuts. 

3. How* many pounds of halibut steak will it take to yield the 
same number of Calories as 11 lbs. of round steak ? Find the actual 
difference in cost if halibut is substituted for 11 lbs. of round steak. 

4. If halibut is substituted for 11 lbs. of sirloin steak, how much 
must be bought ? What is the difference in cost ? 



FOOD 161 

5. If porterhouse steak is bought in place of 3 lbs. of round 
steak, how many pounds must be bought in order to obtain the same 
number of Calories ? Find the actual difference in cost. 

6. How many pounds of rib roast beef will it take to equal 
1 dozen eggs in fuel value ? Compare the cost if roast beef costs 35 
cents a pound and eggs cost 40 cents a dozen; 55 cents a dozen; 
60 cents a dozen ; 80 cents a dozen. • 

7. At the current local prices, which is the more expensive 
source of fuel, roast beef or eggs ? 

8. How much sweet chocolate will it take to yield as many Calor- 
ies as a 10-cent box of soda crackers and % lb. cheese ? What is the 
difference in cost? 

9. Select from the table of 100-Calorie portions five foods in 
which approximately the same number of Calories is supplied by 
protein and compare the cost of these foods per 100-Calorie portion. 

10. Select a food in which approximately the same number of 
Calories is supplied by protein per 100-Calorie portion as in lamb 
chops and substitute it in the luncheon menu 8, page 155, to cheapen 
the cost of the meal. 

11. Make a similar substitution for leg of mutton in the dinner 
menu 10 on page 156. 

12. In the lunch for the family of six, example 4, page 155, 
substitute for butter, oleomargarine; and for cream of salmon on 
toast, 6 oz. of pearl hominy baked with 2 oz. of cheese. (The fuel 
value of hominy is 1650 Calories per pound.) Does this substitu- 
tion reduce the cost? 

13. In the dinner menu on page 153 make the following substi- 
tutions for the purpose of reducing the cost : Cottonseed table oil in 
place of olive oil ; oleomargarine in place of butter ; fish in place of 
chicken. Also reduce the number of Calories per individual to 1400. 

14. Modify the dinner menu, example 13, page 157, so that it 
is a. meatless, wheatless, butterless meal. Use cottonseed table oil 
in place of olive oil. 

15. Alter dietary 17, page 158, for a vegetarian {i.e.j a person 
who does not eat meat or fish) . 

16. Alter dietary 18, page 159, in a similar way for a vegetarian. 

17. What other substitutions would you suggest to lessen the 
cost of any of these menus or dietaries or to lessen the amount of 
meat or wheat used ? 

11 



162 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



MiNEKALS IN Food Matekials 
In order to plan dietaries which will meet all the needs of the 
body it is necessary to know what minerals are required and also 
what foods furnish them. While there are eleven minerals which 




Fig. 34. — Quantities of food containing two milligrams of iron. (15 milligrams is 
the daily requirement.) 1. Graham bread, 2.8 oz., 3 slices 3"x3K"x >^"; 2. Dates, 2.3 
oz., 10 dates; 3. String beans, 6.4 oz., 30 to 36 6" beans; 4. Navy beans, 1.0 oz., 2 tbs.; 
5. Lettuce, 10.1 oz., 1 solid head 4"x5"; 6. Potato, 5.3 oz., 1 medium; 7. Spinach, 2.0 oa., 
2 c; 8. Egg, 2.3 oz., 1 very large; 9. Rolled oats, 1.8 oz., % c; 10. Prunes, 2.3 oz., 
Jd> medium (size 40-50). 

enter into the composition of the body, it is probable that if the 
diet is so selected as to furnish an ample amount of some of 
the most important of these or of those in which the diet is often 
found to be deficient, that the supply of other minerals will be 
sufficient. A study of the food habits of people in this country 




Fig. 35. — Quantities of food containing as much calcium as 1 pint of miUt. 1 pint 
whole milk contains .58 g. of calcium. The daily requirement is .67 g. "The most practical 
means of insuring an abundance of calcium in the dietary is to use milk freely as food." 
Sherman's Chemistry of Food and Nutrition, 1917, p. 268. 1. Eggs, 30.4 oz., 14; 
2. Spinach, 30.4 oz., % peck; 3. Navy beans, 12.8 oz., 2 c; 4. Whole milk, 17.0 oz., 
1 pt.; 5. Skimmed milk, 16.7 oz., 1J< c; 6. Cream, 23.7 oz., 2K c; 7. Olives, 16.7 oa., 
IVi pts.; 8. Rolled Oats, 29.5 oz., 3 qts. ; 9. Raisins, 31.9 oz., 2 1-lb. packages. 



FOOD 163 

has revealed the fact that many dietaries which are satisfactory, as 
far as the fuel value and the protein requirement are concerned, 
are deficient in phosphorus, calcium, or iron. Of these mineral sub- 
stances calcium and phosphorus are required in relatively large 
amounts compared with other minerals, while the requirement for 
iron is relatively small, but it is none the less important (Figs. 
33 and 34). 

An adequate allowance of each of these three minerals per man 
per day, as determined by experiments, is as follows : " 

Phosphorus . 1.44 grams 

Calcium 67 grams 

Iron 015 grams or 15 milligrams 

Minerals are found in all the natural foods, such as milk, eggs, 

vegetables, nuts, meat, etc., but these foods vary in importance as 

sources of the different minerals, as will be seen by the following 

table : 

Ash Constituents of Foods in Percentage of the Edible Pobtion " 

Food Phosphorus Calcium Iron 

Beef, all lean 218 .007 .0039 

Bluefish 211 .023 

Eggs 180 .067 .0030 

Egg yolk 524 .137 .0086 

Butter 018 .014 

Cheese 683 .931 .0013 

Cream 067 .086 .0002 

Milk 093 .120 .0002 

Milk, skimmed 096 .122 

Bread, graham 218 .05 .003 

Bread, white 088 .021 .0009 

Flour, white 092 .020 .0010 

Oatmeal 392 .069 .0038 

Bice, polished 096 .009 .0009 

Wheat, entire grain 423 .045 .0050 

Beans, dried 471 ,160 .0070 

Beans, string 052 .046 .001 

Beets 039 .029 .0006 

Cabbage 029 .045 .0011 

Carrots 046 .056 .0006 

Corn, sweet, fresh 103 .006 .0008 

Lettuce 042 .043 .0007 

Onions 045 .034 .0006 

Potatoes 058 .014 .0013 

Spinach 068 .067 .0036 

" Chemistry of Food and Nutrition. H. C. Sherman. 1917. Used 
by permission of and special arrangement with the Macmillan Company, 

Publishers. 



164 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



Ash Constituents of Foods in Percentage of the Edible Portion 

(continued) 

Food Phosphorus Calcium Iron 

Turnips 046 .064 ,0005 

Apples 012 .007 .0003 

Bananas 031 .009 .0006 

Lemons 022 .036 .0006 

Olives 014 .122 .033 

Oranges 021 .045 .0002 

Prunes, dried 105 .054 .0030 

Dates 056 .065 .003 

Raisins 132 .064 .002 

Almonds 465 .239 .0039 

Peanuts 399 .071 .0020 

Walnuts 357 .089 .0021 

EXEKCISE 5X1 

-How many grams of iron are furnished by % pound of 
% lb. = 8 QZ. 



Problem 
dried beans? 

According to the table on page 163, .007 per cent, of the edible j)ortion 
of dried beans is iron. 

Hence, .00007 X 8 oz., or .00056 oz., of iron are furnished by 8 oz. of 
dried beans; that is, .00056 X 28.35 gm., or .0159 gm., of iron are furnished 
by 1^ lb. of beans [1 oz. = 28.35 g.]. 

1. Find the number of grams of phosphorus, of calcium, and of 

iron which are furnished by each of the following: 

1 glass of milk % lb. cheese 

1 head of cabbage, weighing 4 lbs. 1 lb. beef 

1 peck of spinach, weighing 3 lbs. l^ lb. almonds 
1 egg, weighing 2 oz. 

2. Find the total number of grams of phosphorus, of calcium, 
and of iron furnished by the foods in the following breakfast menu : 

Food Quantity Food Quantity 

Orange 7 oz. Oatmeal 1 oz. 

Bread 4 oz. Milk 8 oz. 

Butter % oz. Sugar Vi oz. 

3. Make out a list of five foods, specifying the amount of each, 
which if combined in a day's dietary with other foods poor in iron, 
would furnish an ample supply of iron for one person. 

4. Make out a list of five foods, specifying the amount of each, 
which if combined in a day's dietary with other foods poor in cal- 
cium, would furnish an ample supply of calcium for a family 
of five. 

5. Make out a list of five foods, specifying the amount of each, 
which if combined with other foods poor in phosphorus, would fur- 
nish an ample supply of phosphorus for two adults. 



FOOD 



165 



6. Compute the calcium, iron, and pliosphorus content of the 
foods in the dietary in example 17, page 158. 

7. Compute the calcium, iron, and phosphorus content of the 
foods in the dietary in example 18, page 159. 

8. Criticize with respect to the amount of iron, of calcium, and 
of phosphorus any of the dietaries you have made. 

9. Criticize your own dietary for one day with respect to the 
amount of iron, of calcium, and of phosphorus. 

EXERCISE XXII 

Problem. — Illustrate graphically the amount of iron furnished by one 
dollar's worth of each of the following foods : Bread, carrots, eggs, lettuce, 
milk, oatmeal, potatoes, prunes, spinach. 

Oz. of iron Milligrams of 

No. of oz. furnished iron furnished 

Price for $1.00 by $1.00 by $1.00 

$.10 per 16 oz. loaf . . 160 .00144 41 

.05 per 10 oz. bunch. 200 .00120 34 

.55 per doz. 27 oz.. . . 49 .00147 42 

.10 per 9 oz. head ... 90 .00063 18 

.15 per peck, 3 lb. . . 320 .01152 327 

.14 per qt. 32 oz. ... 229 .00046 13 

.13 per box of 20 oz.. 154 .00585 166 

1.30 per 30 lb 369 .00480 136 

.15 per lb 107 .00321 91 



Food 
Bread . . 

Carrots 
Eggs ... 
Lettuce . 
Spinach . 
Milk . . . . 
Oatmeal 
Potatoes 
Prunes . . 



Spinach 
O&Tmeal 
Pota.Toes 
Prunes 

Bread 

Carroto 

Lettuce 



\ ' ' \ \ 


1 — — . ^ 1 


■ ■■BIBHMIIIHHHHBI 


I ■ 1 




'"5'""""" 


■■■■■■■MM ■■■■■■ 






— 1 — 


^ 








L«.«.«r- 




f¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥^ 




TT 












r it 




L...^ 




MM 












■■■■1 












■■ 


1 








' 


■t^ -. i . 





FiQ. 36. — Milligrams of iron furnished by one dollar's worth of each of the above foods. 



166 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

1. Illustrate graphically the amount of calcium furnished by 
one dollar's worth of each of the foods in the preceding problem. 

2. Illustrate graphically the amount of phosphorus furnished by 
one dollar's worth of each of these foods. 

3. What foods are comparatively economical sources of iron? 
Of calcium? Of phosphorus? 

EXEECISE XXIII 

In planning the following menus and dietaries care should be 
taken to see that such foods are included as will insure a sufficient 
amount of calcium, iron, and other minerals, as well as of vitamines. 

1. At a cost not to exceed 15 cents, plan a breakfast for yourself 
containing about 800 Calories. 

2. At a total cost not to exceed $1, plan a dinner for a family 
of 5 persons whose total daily fuel requirement is 10,500 Calories. 

3. At a total cost of not more than 30 cents, plan a lunch for 
two boys of 16 and 17 years of age. The meal should contain about 
one-third of the total fuel requirement for the day. 

4. At a cost not to exceed 40 cents, plan a day's dietary for 
yourself. 

5. At a cost not to exceed $1.50, plan a day's dietary .for a 
professional man, his wife, and two children of 10 and 14 years 
respectively. 

6. At a cost not to exceed 43 cents per individual, plan a day's 
dietary for your own family. 

7. Plan a day's dietary for 5 girls on a camping trip, 

8. Plan a day's dietary for yourself at a cost not to exceed 
10 cents per 1000 Calories. 

9. Find out the lowest sum for which a suitable dietary for 
a typical workingman's family of five could be obtained in your 
locality. 

Chemical Composition" of Foodstuefs 

In the scientific study of nutrients, it is necessary to base the 
computation of the fuel value of dietaries upon the percentage com- 
position of food materials. 

EXEECISE XXIV 

Problems in the use of the table of Chemical Composition of 
Common American Food Products, Table A, page 175. 



FOOD 167 

1. Compare the per cent, of protein yielded by the following 
foodstuffs : Loin of beef, leg of lamb, eggs, oatmeal, dried beans. 

2. Select from the table five foods that contain a large per cent. 
of protein ; five that contain a large per cent, of fat ; five that contain 
a large per cent, of carbohydrates. 

3. Select five vegetables that contain a relatively large per cent, 
of mineral ash. 

4. Represent graphically the relative per cent, of carbohydrates 
in the following foods: Sugar (granulated), flour, potatoes, honey, 
oatmeal. 

5. Eepresent graphically the relative per cent, of water in the 
following foods: Milk (whole), butter, watermelon, tomatoes, 
grapes, strawberries, wheat flour (white). 

6. Represent graphically the relative per cent, of refuse in the 
following foods : Porterhouse steak, eggs, green beans, almonds, 
potatoes, bananas, celery, watermelon. 

7. Using three different colors, each color to represent one of the 
three groups of nutrients, protein, fat, and carbohydrates, illustrate 
graphically the per cent, of each of these nutrients in the following 
food materials : ^^ Leg of lamb, halibut steak, chicken, American 
pale cheese, bananas, sweet potatoes, peanuts, sugar, butter. 

Determination of the Fuel Value of Foods 

The fuel value of foods has been determined by measuring the 
amount of heat that is produced when these food materials are 
burned. It may be computed from the table of their chemical com- 
position by determining the weight of each of the energy-producing 
nutrients in the food material. The amount of heat that will be 
produced by any food material depends upon the weight of the 
protein, the fat, and the carbohydrates it contains. 

Protein yields 4 Calories per gram, or 113 per ounce. 

Fat yields 9 Calories per gram, or 355 per ounce. 

Carbohydrates yield 4 Calories per gram, or 113 per ounce. 



'* The colors used in the chartsi prepared by the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture are as follows: Protein, red; fats yellow; carbohydrates, light 
blue. 



168 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



EXEECISE XXV 

One ounce equals (approximately) 28.35 grams. 

Problem. — Find the fuel value of American cheese per ounce and per 
pound. 

From Table A, page 175, the chemical composition of cheese is: 27.7 

per cent, protein, 36.8 per cent, fat, 4.1 per cent, carbohydrates. 
Then one ounce of cheese contains: 

27.7 per cent, of 1 ounce, or .277 oz. of protein. 

36.8 per cent, of 1 ounce, or .368 oz. of fat. 

4.1 per cent, of 1 ounce, or .041 oz. of carbohydrates. 

The amount of heat that may be produced by one ounce of cheese is: 

.277 X 113, or 31 Calories, from the protein. 

.368 X 255, or 94 Calories, from the fat. 

.041 X 113, or 5 Calories, from the carbohydrates. 
The total fuel value of one ounce of cheese is 129 Calories. 
The fuel value of one pound of cheese is 16 X 129, or 2064 Calories." 
The results may be tabulated as follows : 

Calculation op Fuel Value of Food 

Name 

Date 



Name 

of 
food 


Weight 


Protein 


Fat 


Carbo- 
hydrates 


Total 
Calories 


gm. 


oz. 


oz. 


Cal. 


oz. 


Cal. 


X)Z. 


Cal. 


per oz. 


per lb. 


Cheese 

Rice 


28.35 
28.35 


1 
1 


.277 
.08 


31. 
9. 


.368 
.033 


94 

.8 


.041 
.79 


5 

89.1 


129 
99 


2064 
1584 



Find the number of Calories produced by each class of energy- 
yielding nutrients and the total Calories per oz. and per lb. of the 
following foods and tabulate the results, using the above form. 



1. Apples 


9. Coffee 


2. Bananas 


10. Cornmeal 


3. Beef, round 


11. Cream of wheat 


4. Bread 


12. Cream 


5. Butter 


13. Eggs 


6. Cheese, American pale 


14. Flour, white 


7. Cheese, full cream 


15. Flour, entire 


8. Cocoa 


16. Flour, graham 



"This figure is slightly less than that given in the table on page 175 
in the column headed " Fuel value per pound." The discrepancy between 
the two figures is due in part to the fact that the figures in the government 
bulletin are based on earlier and somewhat higher estimates of the fuel 
value of foods than seem to have been justified by later experiments. 



FOOD 169 



17. 


Lard (100 per cent, fat) 23. Eice 


18. 


Milk, whole 33. Sugar, brown 


19. 


Oats, rolled 34. Sugar, granulated 


30. 


Olive oil (100 per cent, fat) 35. Wheatena 


21. 


Peas, dried 




EXEECISE XXVI 



Data in regard to food are so frequently stated in terms of 
grams that the student should become sufficiently familiar with the 
metric system to understand the meaning of the terms, and to con- 
vert the weights readily from the metric to the English system and 
vice versa. Use of the metric system simplifies many of the opera- 
tions involved in dietary computation, and should be encouraged 
as far as possible. 
1 gram = 0.0353 oz. 

See Table of Equivalent Measures, Table E, page 190. 
Find the weight in ounces of the following foods : 
1. 1 large banana which weighs 156 grams. 
3. 1 cup orange juice which weighs 331 grams. 

3. 4 dates which weigh 33 grams. 

4. 1 shredded wheat biscuit which weighs 37 grams. 
6. 34 prunes which weigh 335 grams. 

6. 1 cup of dried Lima beans which weighs 156 grams. 

7. 1 square of unsweetened chocolate which weighs 38 grams. 

8. .1 tbs. of cocoa which weighs 8 grams. 

9. 1 tbs. of butter which weighs 14 grams. 

10. 1 egg which weighs 71 grams. 

11. 1 tbs. of wheat flour which weighs 7 grams. 
13. 1 tbs. of olive oil which weighs 11 grams. 
13. 1 tbs. of brown sugar which weighs 9 grams. 

EXEECISE XXVII 

Express the approximate weights of the following in ounces and 
convert to 2Tams : 



1. 


1 shredded wheat 


biscuit 


7. 


1 potato 




(weight 1 oz.) 




8. 


3 eggs 


3. 


1 tbs. butter 




9. 


% cup rice 


3. 


1 ts. sugar 




10. 


3 tbs. flour 


4. 


% cup butter 




11. 


1 slice bread, weighing 1.3 oz. 


5. 


314 oz. beef 




13. 


3 graham crackers, each 


6. 


1 banana 






weighing 4 oz. 



170 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

EXEECISE XXVIII 

Problem. — Find the weight in grams of the protein, the fat, and the 
carbohydrates yielded by 1 gram of milk. 

The composition of cow's milk is as follows: 

Protein, 3.3 per cent. ; fat, 4 per cent. ; carbohydrates, 5 per cent. 
In one gram of milk there will be by weight: 

Protein, .033 gram; fat, .04 gram; carbohydrate, .05 gram. 

Find the weight in grams of the protein, the fat, and the carbo- 
hydrate in one gram of each of the following : ( See Table of Average 
Composition of American Pood Products, page 175.) 

1. White bread 5. Eggs 

2. Mutton chops 6. Oatmeal 

3. Halibut steak 7. Cream 

4. Cheese 

EXERCISE XXIX 

Pind the number of Calories yielded by each class of energy- 
yielding nutrients and the total number of Calories yielded by 1 
gram each of the foods in Exercise XX Y, page 168, and tabulate the 
results. 

The number of Calories yielded by 1 gram of each of the three 
classes of energy-yielding nutrients is given on page 167. 

PuEL Value of Recipes, Menus, akd Dietaries 
Computed from the Table of Chemical Composition of 
Pood Materials 
The fuel value of combinations of food materials in recipes, 
menus, and dietaries can be computed from the Table of the Chemi- 
cal Composition of Pood Materials. This method makes it possible 
to compute the fuel value of foods if the chemical composition is 
known. The amount of protein in the diet may be stated either in 
terms of weight or in terms of Calories. 

The labor involved in the computations can be somewhat les- 
sened and the results can be made more usef al if the data are tabu- 
lated and kept for reference. 

exercise XXX 
Problem. — The following recipe for plain muffins makes 12 muffins to 
serve 6 persons: 

1 cup flour 1 tbs. sugar 

1 egg 1 tbs. butter 

114 cups milk (skimmed) 



FOOD 



171 



( 1 ) Find the fuel value and the number of Calories yielded by protein. 

(2) What part of the recipe forms a 100-Calorie portion, and how many 
Calories in this portion are yielded by protein? 

( 3 ) Find the number of Calories yielded by protein and the total number 
of Calories in one muffin. 

(4) Find the cost of the recipe, the cost per 1000 Calories, and the 
cost of one mufiin. 

The whole recipe yields 1130 Calories. 

Let X represent the part of the recipe that forms a 100-Calorie portion. 
1130 _ J_ 
100 ~^ X 

That is, 07= .09 approximately, or }{i of the whole recipe, forms a 
100-Calorie portion. 

The total number of Calories derived from protein is 170. 
Then .09 X 170=15.30 or 15 Calories in a 100-Calorie portion are derived 
from protein. 

One muffin, or ]{2 of the recipe, yields J-^2 of 1130 Calories, or 94 
Calories. The number of Calories produced by protein in one muffin is }{i 
of 170, or 14 + ; i.e., 14 Calories. 



Calculation of Fuel Value of Recipe 

Name 

Date 

Recipe for plain muffins Number of muffins 12 



Cost per qt., 
lb., etc. 


Cost per 
given wt. 


Ingredients 


Quan- 
tity 


Weight 
in oz. 


Calor- 
ies 
yield- 
ed by 
1 oz. 


Total 
Calor- 
ies 
yield- 
ed by 
given 
weight 


Calor- 
ies 
yielded 
by pro- 
tein in 
1 oz. 


Calor- 
ies 
yielded 
by pro- 
tein in 
given 
weight 


$1.48 per 24 J^ lb. 
.55 per doz . . . 
.05 per qt. . . . 

.091^ per lb... 

.48 per lb 

.30 per lb.. .. 


.0302 
.0458 
.0156 

.0297 
.0150 
.0047 


Flour 

Egg 

Milk, 

skimmed 
Sugar 
Butter 
Baking 

powder 
Salt 


2c. 

1 

IMc. 

Itbs. 
Itbs. 

2ts. 

Mts. 


8. 
1.7 
10. 

.5 
.5 


100 

38 
10 

113 

218 


800 

65 

100 

56 
109 


13 
15 

4 

i' 


104 
26 
40 


Total cost. . . . 


.1413 


Total 








1130 




170 



Calories yielded by 1 muffin .... 94 
Calories derived irom protein 
in 1 muffin 14 



Calories derived from protein 

in 100-Calorie portion 15 

Cost per muffin $.0118 

Cost per 1000 Calories 127 



172 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Using forms similar to those on page 171, compute for each of 
the following : ^° 

(a) The fuel value and the number of Calories yielded by 
protein, 

(6) The number of Calories yielded by protein and the total 
number of Calories in one serving. 

(c) The total cost of the recipe, the cost per 1000 Calories and 
the cost of one serving. 



1. Stewed prunes. 

2 c. dried prunes (protein 2.1 14 c. sugar 

per cent., carbohydrates 73.3 1 ts. lemon juice 

per cent. ) 
12 servings. 

2. Baked apples. 

6 apples 6 tbs. water 

6 ts. sugar 
6 servings. 

3. White sauce for creamed vegetables. 

2 tbs. flour 1 c. milk 

2 tbs. butter Salt and pepper 

6 servings. 

4. Home-made ice cream. 

2 c. milk (whole) 2 tbs. flour 

2 c. cream 2 eggs 

1 c. sugar 1 tbs. vanilla 

Ice C?ream increases in quantity one-third to one-half in freezing. 
10 servings. 

5. Cheese fondu. 

1 c. bread crumbs ( 3 oz. ) 1 egg 

1 c. milk - 1 tbs. butter 

% c. grated cheese (3 oz. ) Salt and cayenne pepper 
6 servings. 

•" Unless otherwise specified, skinimed-milk is used in all recipes. 



FOOD 



173 



6. French, dressing. 

l^ ts. salt 
% ts. pepper 
3 servings. 

7. Meat croquettes. 



3 tbs. olive oil 
1 tbs. vinegar 



2 e. chopped meat Few drops onion juice 

% ts. salt and ^pk. pepper 1 egg yolk 

% c. of white sauce 
8 croquettes 



8. Baking powder biscuits 

2 c. flour 

4 ts. baking powder 

% c. milk 
16 small biscuits 

9. Bread pudding. 

1 c. bread crumbs (3 oz.) 
1% c. milk 

1 tbs. butter 
6 servings. 



% ts. salt 

1% tbs. shortening (lard) 



1 egg 

1 tbs. sugar. 



10. Eolls. 

2 c. milk 

3 tbs. butter 
2 tbs. sugar 

24 rolls 



1 ts. salt 
1 yeast cake 
3 c. flour 



3 c. white sauce 



11. Creamed peanuts and rice. 

1 e. rice 
1 c. peanuts 

12 servings. 

13. Sugar cookies. 

4 oz. fat 
1 c. sugar 
1 egg 

40 cookies 



2 c. flour 
1 ts. flavoring or spice 



V2 ts. paprika 
2 ts. salt 



% c. milk 

2 ts. baking powder 



13. School lunch for a girl 14 years old. 

2 chopped-egg sandwiches 

4 slices bread 1 orange 

1 pat butter 2 sugar cookies 

1 egg 



174 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

14. Lunch for 3 women. 

r % can peas 
V 6 ts. sugar 

Pea soup / 3 c. milk 

) 3 tbs. butter 
(^ 3 tbs. flour 

Crackers 6 crackers 



3 tbs. cheese 
% c. macaroni 



Macaroni and cheese ....-< ^ 

^ , , , 1 X, J.J. (3 slices of bread 
Graham bread and butter. | 3 ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ 

Tea and cookies . '. j 2 ts. tea 

3 cookies 



{ 



15. Supper for a family of 5, a clerk, his wife, and 3 children 

under 12 years. 

I 4 tbs. cheese 

Cheese souffle } 3 eggs 

J 1 % cups milk 
( 1% tbs. flour 

Riced potatoes 6 potatoes 

6 oz. bread 



Bread and butter ^ 3 ^^ ^^^^^^ 

Doughnuts 5 doughnuts 

Baked apples | f ^ X^'Lgar 

16. Dinner for a family of 6, a teamster, his wife, and 4 children 
under 16 years. 

f 3 lb. mutton 

Leg of mutton and gravy j 2 tbs. flour 

Mashed potatoes j 2 lb. potatoes 

(. l^ c. milk 

carrots 



Creamed carrots , 
Bread and butter 



j 11/2 lb. 

^ 1 recipe white sauce 

j 6 tbs. of butter 



loaf of bre£|,d 
Apple pie 1 1^ pies 

17. Your own breakfast. 



FOOD 



175 



TABLE A 

Average Composition of Common American Food Products^i 



Food materials (as purchased). 



Refuse 



Water 



Pro- 
tein 



Fat 



Carbo 
hy- 
drates 



Ash 



Fuel 

value 

per 

pound 



ANIMAL FOOD 

Beef, fresh: 

Chuckribs 

Flank 

Loin 

Porterhouse steak 

Sirloin steak 

Neck 

Ribs 

Rib rolls 

Round 

Rump 

Shank, fore 

Siioulder and clod 

Fore quarter 

Hind quarter 

Beef, corned, canned, pickled, and dried: 

Corned beef 

Tongue pickled, 

Dried, salted, and smoked 

Canned boiled beef 

Canned corned beef 

Veal: 

Breast 

Leg 

Leg cutlets 

Fore quarter 

Hind quarter 

Mutton: 

Flank 

Leg, hind 

Loin chops 

Fore quarter 

Hind quarter, without tallow. . . 
Lamb: 

Breast 

Leg, hind 

Pork, fresh: 

Ham 

Loin chops 

Shoulder 

Tenderloin 

Pork, salted, cured, and pickled: 

Ham, smoked 

Shoulder, smoked 

Salt pork 

Bacon, smoked 

Sausage: 

Bologna 

Pork 

Frankfort 

Soups: 

Celery, cream of 

Beef 

Meat stew 

Tomato 



Perct. 
16.3 
10.2 
13.3 
12.7 
12.8 
27.6 
20.8 



7.2 
20.7 
36.9 
16.4 
18.7 
15,7 

8.4 
6.0 
4.7 



21.3 
14.2 
3.4 
24.5 
20.7 

9.9 

18.4 
16.0 
21.2 
17.2 

19.1 
17.4 

10.7 
19.7 
12.4 



13.6 
18.2 



7.7 
3.3 



Per ct. 
52.6 
54.0 
52.5 
52.4 
54.0 
45.9 
43.8 
63 9 
60.7 
45.0 
42.9 
56.8 
49.1 
50.4 

49.2 
58.9 
53.7 
51.8 
51.8 

52.0 
60.1 
68.3 
54.2 
56.2 

39.0 
51.2 
42.0 
41.6 
45.4 

45.5 
52.9 

48.0 
41.8 
44.9 
66.5 

34.8 

36.8 

7.9 

17.4 

55.2 
39.8 
57.2 

88.6 
92.9 
84.5 
90 



Perct. 
15.5 
17.0 
16.1 
19.1 
16.5 
14.5 
13.9 
19.3 
19.0 
13.8 
12.8 
16.4 
14.5 
15.4 

14.3 
11.9 

26.4 
25.5 
26.3 

15.4 
15.5 
20.1 
15.1 
16.2 

13.8 
15.1 
13.5 
12.3 
13.8 

15.4 
15.9 

13.5 
13.4 
12.0 
18.9 

14.2 

13.0 

1.9 

9.1 

18.2 
13.0 
19.6 



Per ct. 
15.0 
19.0 
17.5 
17.9 
16.1 
11.9 
21.2 
16.7 
12.8 
20.2 
7.3 
9.8 
17.5 
18.3 

23.8 

19.2 

6.9 

22.5 

18.7 

11.0 
7.9 
7.5 
6.0 
6.6 

36.9 
14.7 
28.3 
24.5 
23.2 

19.1 
13.6 

25.9 
24.2 
29.8 
13.0 

33.4 
26.6 
86.2 
62.2 

19.7 

44.2 
18.6 

2.8 

.4 

4.3 

1.1 



Per ct. 



1.1 
1.1 

5.0 
1.1 
5.5 
5.6 



Per ct. 

0.8 
.7 
.9 
.8 
.9 
.7 
.7 
.9 

1.0 
.7 
.6 
.9 
.7 
.7 

4.6 
4.3 
8.9 
1.3 
4.0 



.7 
1.0 



1.5 
1.2 
1.1 
1.5 



Calo- 
ries. 
910 
1,105 
1,025 
1,100 
975 
1,165 
1,135 
1,055 
890 
1,090 
545 
715 
995 
1,045 

1,245 
1,010 
790 
1,410 
1,270 

745 
625 
695 
535 
580 

1,770 
890 
1,415 
1,235 
1,210 

1,075 
860 

1,320 

1,245 

1,450 

895 

1,635 
1,335 
3,555 
2,715 

1,155 
2,075 
1,155 

235 
120 
365 

185 



"^ Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food. 
culture. Farmer's Bulletin No. 142. 



U. S. Department of Agri- 



176 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



TABLE A 
Average Composition of Common American Food Products — Continued 



Food materials (as purchased). 


Refuse 


Water 


Pro- 
tein 


Fat 


Carbo- 

hy- 
drates 


Ash 


Fuel 
value 

per 
pound 


ANIMAL FOOD — continued. 
Poultry: 


Perct. 

41 .6 
25.9 
17.6 
22.7 

29.9 
17.7 
44.7 
35.1 
50.1 


Per ct. 

43.7 
47.1 
38.5 
42.4 

58.5 
61.9 
40.4 
50.7 
35.2 
71.2 

40.2 
19.2 

63.5 
53.6 

88.3 
80.8 
36.7 
30.7 
65.5 

11.0 
87.0 
90.5 
91.0 
26.9 
74.0 
27.4 
34.2 

11.4 
11.3 

12.0 
12.0 
10.3 

9.6 
13.6 
12.9 
12.5 

7.7 
12.3 
11.4 


Per ct. 

12.8 
13.7 
13.4 
16.1 

11.1 
15.3 
10.2 
12.8 
9.4 
20.9 

16.0 
20.5 

21.8 
23.7 

6.0 

10.6 

7.9 

5.9 

13.1 

1.0 
3.3 
3.4 
3.0 

8.8 

2.5 

27.7 

25.9 

13.8 
13.3 

11.4 
14.0 
13.4 
12.1 

6.4 

6.8 

9.2 
16.7 

8.0 
.4 


Per ct. 

1.4 
12.3 
29.8 
18.4 

.2 
4.4 
4.2 

.7 
4.8 
3.8 

.4 
8.8 

12.1 
12.1 

1.3 

1.1 

.9 

.7 

9.3 

85.0. 

4.0 

.3 

.5 

8.3 

18.5 

36.8 

33.7 

1.9 

2.2 

1.0 
1.9 

.9 
1.8 
1.2 

.9 
1.9 
7.3 

.3 

.1 


Per ct. 

3.3 

5.2 

.6 

.2 

■ 's.o' 

5.1 
4.8 
54.1 
4.5 
4.1 
2.4 

71.9 
71.4 

75.1 
71.2 
74.1 
75.2 
77.9 
78.7 
75.4 
66.2 
79.0 
88.0 
90.0 

53.1 
47.1 
52.1 
49.7 
53.2 
63.3 
69.7 
70.5 
73.1 


Per ct. 

.7 
.7 
.7 
.8 

.8 
.9 
.7 
.9 
.7 
1.5 

18.5 
7.4 

2.6 
5.3 

1.1 

2.3 

1.5 

.8 

0.9 

3.0 

.7 

.7 

.7 

1.9 

.5 

4.0 

3.8 

1.0 
1.8 

.5 

.9 
1.3 
1.3 

.9 

.7 
1.0 
2.1 

.4 

.1 

1.1 
2.1 
1.5 
1.3 
1.5 
1.5 
1.7 
2.9 
2.1 


Calo- 
ries 

305 




765 




1,475 


Turkey .... 


1,060 


Fish: 

Cod, dressed 


220 


Halibut, steaks or sections 


475 
370 




275 


Shad, whole. . 


380 


Shad, roe 


600 


Fish, preserved: 

Cod, salt 


24.9 
44.4 


325 




755 


Fish, canned: 


915 


Sardines 


""S 


950 


Shellfish: 

Oysters, "solids" .• 


225 


Clams 




340 


Crabs 


52.4 
61.7 

bll.2 


200 


Lobsters 


145 


Eggs: Hen's eggs 


635 


Dairy products, etc.: 

Butter 


3,410 


Whole milk. . . ... 




310 


Skim milk 




165 


Buttermilk 




160 


Condensed milk 




1,430 


Cream 




865 


Cheese, Cheddar 




2,075 


Cheese, full cream 




1,885 


VEGETABLE FOOD 

Flour, meal, etc.: 




1,650 


Graham flour 




1,645 


Wheat flour, patent roller process 




1,635 






1,640 






1,645 






1,680 






1,605 


Rye flour 




1,620 


Corn meal 




1,635 






1,800 


Rice 




1,620 


Tapioca 




1,650 






1,675 


Bread, pastry, etc. : 

White bread 




35.3 

43.6 

35.7 

38.4 

35.7 

19.9 

6.8 

4.8 

5.9 


9.2 
5.4 
8.9 
9.7 
9.0 
6.3 
9.7 
11.3 
9.8 


1.3 

1.8 

1.8 

.9 

.6 

9.0 

12.1 

10.5 

9.1 


1,200 






1,040 






1,195 


Whole- wheat bread 




1,130 






1,170 


Cake 




1,630 






1,925 






1,910 






1,875 









» Refuse, oil. 



*> Refuse, shell. 



FOOD 



177 



TABLE A 
Average Composition op Common American Food Products- 



-Contintied 



Food materials (as purchased) 



Refuse 



Water 



Pro- 
tein 



Fat 



Carbo- 
hy- 
drates 



Ash 



Fuel 
value 

per 
pound 



VKGETABLE FOOD — continued 

Sugars, etc.: 

Molasses 

Candy » 

Honey 

Sugar, granulated 

Maple syrup .- 

Vegetables; t' 

Beans, dried 

Beans, Lima, shelled 

Beans, string 

Beets : 

Cabbage 

Celery 

Corn, green (sweet) , edible portion 

Cucumbers 

Lettuce 

Mushrooms 

Onions 

Parsnips 

Peas {Pisum sativum), dried. . . 

Peas (Pisum sativum), shelled. 

Cowpeas, dried 

Potatoes 

Rhubarb 

Sweet potatoes 

Spinach 

Squash 

Tomatoes 

Turnips 

Vegetables, canned: 

Baked beans 

Peas (Pisum. sativum), green. . . 

Corn, green 

Succotash 

Tomatoes 

Fruits, berries, etc., fresh:" 

Apples 

Bananas 

Grapes 

Lemons 

Muskmelons 

Oranges 

Pears 

Persimmons, edible portion .... 

Raspberries 

Strawberries 

Watermelons 



Per ct 



Per ct. 



Per ct. 



7.0 
20.0 
15.0 
20.0 



15.0 
15.0 



10.0 
20.0 



20.0 
40.0 
20.0 



12.6 
68.5 
83.0 
70.0 
77.7 
75.6 
75.4 
81.1 
80.5 
88.1 
78.9 
66.4 
9.5 
74.6 
13.0 
62.6 



22.5 
7.1 
2.1 
1.3 
1.4 
.9 
3.1 
.7 
1.0 
3.5 
1.4 
1.3 

24.6 
7.0 

21.4 
1.8 



50.0 
30.6 



25.0 
35.0 
25.0 
30.0 
50.0 
27.0 
10.0 



5.0 
59.4 



68.9 
85.3 
76.1 
75.9 
94.0 

63.3 

48.9 
58.0 
62.5 
44.8 
63.4 
76.0 
66.1 
85.8 
85.9 
37.5 



6.9 
3.6 

2.8 
3.6 
1.2 

0.3 
.8 

1.0 
.7 
.3 
.6 
.5 
.8 

1.0 
.9 
.2 



1.8 
.7 
.3 
.1 
.2 
.1 

1.1 
.2 
.2 
.4 
.3 
.4 

1.0 
.5 

1.4 
.1 
.4 
.6 
.3 
.2 
.4 
.1 

2.5 

.2 

1.2 

1.0 

.2 

0.3 

.4 

1.2 

.5 



Per ct 
70.0 
96.0 
81.0 

100.0 
71.4 

59.6 

22.0 

6.9 

7.7 

4.8 

2.6 

19.7 

2.6 

2.5 

6.8 

8.9 

10.8 

62.0 

16.9 

60.8 

14.7 

2.2 

21.9 

3.2 

4.6 

3.9 

5.7 

19.6 

9.8 

19.0 

18.6 

4.0 

10.8 
14.3 
14.4 

5.9 

4 



Per ct 



3.5 
1.7 

.7 



.7 

.4 

.8 

1.2 

.5 

1.1 

2.9 

1.0 

3.4 

.8 

.4 

.9 

2.1 

.4 

.5 



2.1 

1.1 

.9 



Calo- 
ries. 
1,225 
1,680 
1,420 
1,750 
1,250 

1,520 
540 
170 
160 
115 

65 
440 

65 

65 
185 
190 
230 
1,565 
440 
1,505 
295 

60 
440 

95 
100 
100 
120 

555 
235 
430 

425 
95 

190 
260 
295 
125 

80 
150 
230 
550 
220 
150 

50 



» Plain confectionery not containing nuts, fruits, or chocolate. 

''Such vegetables as potatoes* squash, beets, etc., have a certain amount of inedible 
material, skin, seeds, etc. The amount varies with the method of preparing the vegetables, 
and can not be accurately estimated. The figures given for refuse of vegetables, fruits, etc., 
are assumed to represent approximately the amount of refuse in these foods as ordinarily 
prepared. 

'Fruits contain a certain proportion of inedible materials, as skins, seeds, etc., which 
are properly classed as refuse. In some fruits, as oranges and prunes, the amount rejected 
in eating is practically the same as refuse. In others, as apples and pears, more or less of 
the edible, material is ordinarily rejected with the skin and seeds and other inedible portions. 
The edible material which is thus thrown away, and should properly be classed with the 
waste, is here classed with the refuse. The figures for refuse here given represent, as nearly 
as can be ascertained, the quantities ordinarily rejected. 

12 



178 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



TABLE A 
Average Composition of Common American Food Products — Continued 



Food materials (as purchased) 



Refuse 



Water 



Pro- 
tein 



Fat 



Carbo- 
hy- 
drates 



Ash 



Fuel 

value 

per 

pound 



VEGETABLE FOOD — Continued. 

Fruits, dried: 

Apples 

Apricots 

Dates 

Figs 

Raisins 

Nuts: 

Almonds 

Brazil nuts 

Butternuts 

Chestnuts, fresh 

Chestnuts, dried 

Cocoanuts 

Cocoanut, prepared 

Filberts 

Hickory nuts 

Pecans, polished. . 

Peanuts 

Piflon {Pinus edulis) 

Walnuts, black 

Walnuts, English 

Miscellaneous: 

Chocolate 

Cocoa, powdered 

Cereal coffee, infusion (1 part 



Per ct. 



10.0 

45.0 
49.6 
86.4 
16.0 
24.0 



52.1 
62.2 
53.2 
24.5 
40.6 
74.1 
58.1 



Per ct. 
28.1 
29.4 
13.8 
18.8 
13.1 

2.7 
2.6 

.6 
37.8 
4.5 
7.2 
3.5 
1.8 
1 .4 
1.4 
6.9 
2.0 

.6 
1.0 

5.9 
4.6 



Per ct. 
1.6 
4.7 
1.9 
4.3 
2.3 



11.5 



2 

5 

8.7 

7.2 

6.9 



12.9 
21 .6 



Per ct. 
2.2 
1.0 
2.5 
.3 
3.0 

30,2 

33.7, 

8.3 

4.5 

5,3 

25,9 

57,4 

31,3 

25,5 

33,3 

29,1 

36.8 

14.6 

26.6 

48.7 
28.9 



Perct. 
66,1 
62.5 
70,6 
74.2 
68.5 

9.5 

3.5 

.5 



4.3 
6.2 
18.5 
10.2 
3.0 
6.8 

30.3 

37,7 



Per ct. 
2.0 

2.4 
1.2 
2.4 
3.1 

1.1 
2,0 

,4 
1,1 
1,7 

,9 
1,3 
1,1 

,8 

.7 
1.5 
1,7 

.5 



2.2 
7.2 



boiled in 20 parts water) ' 



Calo- 
ries. 
1,185 
1,125 
1,275 
1,280 
1,265 

1,515 

1,485 

385 

915 

1,385 

1,295 

2,865 

1,430 

1,145 

1,465 

1,775 

1,730 

730 

1,250 

2,625 
2,160 

30 



" Milk and shell. 

''The average of five analyses of cereal coffee grain is: Water 6 .2, protein 13 .3, fat 3.4, 
carbohydrates 72.6, and ash 4.5 per cent. Only a portion of the nutrients, however, enter 
into the infusion. The average in the table represents the available nutrients in the bever- 
age. Infusions of genuine coffee and of tea like the above contain practically no nutrients. 



FOOD 



179 



TABLE B" 
100-Caloeie Portions of Common Foods 

Unless otherwise specified, the figures given refer to foods as pur- 
chased, including refuse, such as bones, shells, and similar inedible 
materials. 

The small numerals in the first column refer to the notes. 



Food stuff 



Almonds 

Apples, fresh . . . 
Apples, baked^'. 



Asparagus, fresh^ . 



Bacon, smoked 

Bacon, fried,^^ small slices . 

Bananas 

Beans, baked, canned. . . . 

Beans, dried 

Beans, Lima, dried 

Beans, Lima, fresh, shelled 
Bean, soup, cream of^* . . . 
Beans, string 



Beef, corned. 
Beef, dried . . 



Quantity 



Beef juice 

Beef loin 

Beef, sirloin steak, medium, 

fat, broiled^* 

Beef, roast 

Beef, rib, lean, roast^* 



Beef, round 

Beef, round steak, 

broiled^* 

Beef, suet 

Beets 



pan 



Bouillon 

Bread, Boston brown-^ . 



Bread, graham. 
Bread, white . . . 



12 to 15 nuts 

1 large 

% large and 1 

tbs. sugar 
20 large stalks 

8 in. long 
1 slice 
4-0 small slices 

1 large 
Vzc. 

2 tbs. 
% c. 

Kc. 

2% c. of 1 in. 

pieces 
% slice 
4 thin slices 

4 in. X 5 in. 
IKc. 



slice 1% in. X 

VAm.X%m. 



sUce 5 in. X2K 
in. XKin. 



Weight 
ounces 



slice 4 in.X3 in. 
XU^in. 

2 tbs. 

4 beets 2 in. diam . 

or 1% c. sliced 

4 c 

% in. slice 3 in. 

diam. 

3 slices % in. X 
2 in.XSYi in. 

2 slices 3 in.X3K 
in. XK in. 



1.0 
7.5 

2.3 

15.9 
.6 
.5 
5.5 
2.7 
1.0 
1.0 
2.9 
2.6 

9.1 
1.3 

2.0 

14.1 

1.6 

1.3 
1.0 

1.6 
1.7 

2.0 
.5 

9.6 
33.6 

1.8 

1.4 

1.4 



Protein 
Calories 



13 
3 



32 

7 
13 

21 
26 
21 
23 
15 

22 
21 

67 
78 
29 

31 

27 

46 
40 

48 

2 

14 

84 

10 
14 
14 



Total 
Calories 



100 
100 

100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
100 

100 
100 
100 

100 
100 

100 
100 

100 
100 

100 
100 

100 

100 

100 



180 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



TABLE B 
100-Calokie Portions op Common Foods — Continued 



Food stuff 



Bread, whole wheat 

Butter 

Buttermilk 

Cabbage 

Carrots 

Cauliflower 

Celery 

Cheese, American pale .... 
Cheese, American full 

cream 

Cheese, cottage 

Cheese, Neuchatel 

Chestnuts 

Chocolate 

Chocolate, milk, sweetened 

Cocoa 

Cocoa, beverage 

Cod, salt, boneless 

Cookies, plain''' 

Corn, canned 

Cornflakes 

Corn, green 

Cornmeal 

Corn starch 

Corn starch, blanc mange^' 

Corn syrup 

Crackers, graham 

Crackers, oyster 

Crackers, saltine 

Crackers, soda 

Cranberries 

Cranberry sauce''' 

Cream, thick (40%) 

Cream (18%) 

Custard, cup^' 

Dates, dried, unstoned .... 

Doughnuts 

Eggs, whole, raw 

Eggs, white 

Eggs, yolk 

Farina 

Figs, dried 

Flour, graham 

Flour, entire wheat 



Quantity 



2 slices 2K in.X 
2%in.xy4in. 

1 pat or 1 tbs. 
scant 

VAc. 

5c. shredded 

4-5 young carrots 

3-4 in. long 

1 very small head 
36 small stalks, or 

4c. K in. pieces 
IVs in. cube 
piece 2 in. XI in 
X% in. 
5]4 tbs. 

2 tbs. 
20 

K square . 
piece 2% in. XI in, 
X }^in. 

3 tbs. 
%c. 

9 tbs. 

2, 2J{ in. in diam. . 

}ic. 

VAc. 

2 ears 6 in. long 

3 tbs. 
3 tbs. 
%c. 

2 tbs. scant 

2 

24 

6 

4, 3 in. sq. 

2 c. 

A c. scant 

VA tbs. 

%c. 

Kc. ■ 

3-4 

m 

7 whites 

2 yolks 

3 tbs., dry 
lA large 

3 tbs. 

4 tbs. 



Weight 


Protein 


ounces 


Calories 


1.4 


16 


.5 


1 


9.9 


34 


13.3 


21 


10.1 


10 


11.6 


24 


23.7 


24 


.8 


26 


.9 


25 


3.2 


76 


1.1 


23 


1.7 


10 


.6 


8 


.7 


7 


.7 


17 


5.5 


14 


3.1 


98 


.9 


6 


3.6 


11 


1.0 


6 


9.0 


12 


1.0 


10 


1.0 





2.7 


9 


1.1 





.8 


10 


.8 


11 


.8 


10 


.9 


10 


7.6 


3 


1.5 


1 


.9 


2 


1.8 


5 


3.3 


17 


1.1 


2 


.8 


6 


2.7 


36 


6.9 


96 


1.0 


17 


1.0 


12 


1.1 


5 


1.0 


15 


1.0 


15 



FOOD 



181 



TABLE B 

100-Calorie Portions op Common Foods — Continued 



Food stuff 



Flour, wheat 

Fowl .. 

Gelatin 

Grape fruit 

Grape nuts 

Grapes, fresh, Concord. . . 
HaUbut steak 



Ham, fresh 

Ham, smoked, boiled. 

Hominy grits 

Honey 

Ice cream^^ 

Lamb chops 

Lamb chops, broiled . . 



Lard 

Lettuce 

Macaroni 

Macaroni, cooked 

Mackerel 

Mayonnaise 

Milk, condensed, sweetened 
Milk, condensed, unsweet- 
ened 

Milk, skimmed 

Milk, top, 10 oz 

Milk, whole 

Molasses, cane 

Mutton, leg 

Mutton, leg, roast^ .... 



Oats, rolled 

Oleomargarine . . 

Olive oil 

Onions, fresh . . . . 

Oranges 

Oysters, solids . . . 
Peaches, canned. 



Peaches, fresh . 

Peanuts 

Peanut butter . 
Pears, canned. 



Peas, canned. . . . 
Peas, dried, split. 

Peas, green 

Pineapple 



Quantity 



4 tbs. 



3 tbs., dry 
K large, ^)i diam. . , 
3 tbs. 

1 large bunch 
sUce 3 in.X2K in 
XI in. 



Shce 4% in. X % in. 
3 tbs. 
1 tbs. 

}i chop 

1 chop 2 in. X2 in. 

XK in. 

2 ts. 

2 large heads 

3 sticks 9 in. long 
1 c. 

1 c. 
1 tbs. 
VA tbs. 

Z% tbs. 

l^c. 
Mc. 

VA tbs. 



piece 3 in. X 3% in. 

X Vb in. 
5 tbs., dry 
1 tbs. 
1 tbs. 
3-4 medium 

1 large 

14 — % c. solids 

2 large halves 2]4 
-3 diam. 

3 medium 
12 nuts 
2H ts. 

2 halves 2 in. 
diam. 

1 c. scant 

2 tbs. 



}i small 4 in. diam. 



Weight 


Protein 


ounces 


Calories 

13 


1.0 


2.1 


33 


1.0 


100 


12.5 





1.0 


12 


4.9 


5 


3.5 


61 


1.2 


19 


1.3 


29 


1.0 


9 


1.1 


1 


2.0 


6 


1.1 


23 


1.6 


40 


.4 





22.3 


25 


1.0 


15 


5.2 


15 


2.5 


54 


.5 


1 


1.1 


11 


2.1 


23 


9.6 


37 


2.1 


9 


5.1 


19 


1.2 


3 


1.8 


31 


1.2 


33 


.9 


17 


.5 


1 


.4 





8.0 


13 


9.5 


6 


7.2 


49 


7.5 


6 


10.5 


6 


.9 


19 


.6 


19 


4.7 


4 


6.4 


26 


1.0 


28 


6.4 


26 


15.0 


4 



Total 
Calories 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 



182 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



TABLE B 

100-Calorie Portions of Common Foods — Continued 



Food stuff 



Pork, loin chops 

Potatoes, raw 

Potatoes, sweet 

Prunes, dried 

Prunes, stewed 

Raisins 

Raspberries, black 

Rhubarb, fresh 

Rice 

Rolls. Vienna or French . . 

Salmon, canned 

Sardines, canned 

Sausage, pork, cooked^ . . . 



Shredded wheat 

Spinach, boiled, chopped^* 

Squash, fresh 

Strawberries, fresh. 

Sugar, brown 

Sugar, loaf 

Sugar, white, granulated . 

Tapioca 

Tapioca, apple pudding-^ . 

Tomatoes, canned 

Tomatoes, fresh 

Tomato soup, cream^^. ... 

Turkey 

Turkey, roast^ 

Turnips 



Quantity 



1 small 

1 medium 
K medium 
4 medium 

2 and 2 tbs. juice 
%o. 

Die. 

4 c. of 1 in. pieces 

2 tbs. 

L2in.X3in.X2in, 

]U. 

3-6 

Wz sausages 3 in. 

long, 3 in. diam. 

after cooking 
1 biscuit 

2)ic. 



3 tbs. 

3K lumps, full size 
5 ts. or 2 tbs.scant 
2 tbs. 

1 pint 

2-3 medium 



Vanilla wafers . . 
Veal, cutlet, loin. 
Veal, leg, roast^*. 



Veal liver 

Wa'nuts, Cal 

Walnuts, Cal,, meats. 
Zwieback 



4 medium 2 in. 
diam. 

5 2-in. wafers 
1 cutlet 

Shce 2 in. X 2% 
in. X }i in. 



4-8 
8-16 
3 pieces 3){ in. X 

Vi in. X l}i in. 



Weight 
ounces 



1.8 
5.3 
3.6 
1.4 
2.8 
1.1 
5.3 
25.2 
1.0 
1.3 
2.4 
1.7 



1.1 

1.0 

21.0 

15.6 

9.5 

.9 

9 

.9 

1.0 

3.6 

15.6 

15.5 

3.2 

1.5 

1.3 

12.9 

.8 
2.7 

2.3 

2.9 

1.9 

.5 



Protein 
Calories 



32 
11 
6 
3 
2 
3 

10 
11 
9 
12 
54 
47 



20 

14 

12 

12 

10 









1 

21 

16 

11 

28 

40 

13 

6 

62 

71 
61 
10 

10 

9 



^ Adapted from The Laboratory Manual for Dietetics, by Mary Swartz 
Pi.ose, and Feeding tlie Family, by Mary Swartz Rose. Used by permission 
of and special arrangement with the Macmillan Company, Publishers. 

^Tlie recipe upon which this estimate is based is given on page 183. 

^^ This estimate is based upon the weight of the food after it has been 
cooked, and it does not include the food value of tlie fat left in the pan, 
nor in the case of vegetables, of fats and other ingredients used in preparing 
food for the table. 



FOOD 



183 



Eecipes used in estimating the fuel values of the foods in 
Table B:-^ 



Apples, baked 

1 large apple 

Bean soup, cream of 

2 tbs. butter 
4 tbs. flour 
IVs c. water 

Bread, Boston brown 
1 c. rye meal 
1 c. cornmeal 
1 c. graham flour 

Cornstarch, blanc mange 

4 tbs. cornstarch 

Vg c. sugar 
Cocoa, beverage 

1/^ c. milk 

y2 c. water 
Cookies, plain 

% c. butter 

1 c. sugar 

1 egg 
Cranberry sauce 

1 c. cranberries 

Custard, cup 

3 c. milk 



1 tbs. water 



y2 c. water 



6 tbs. sugar 



Ice cream 

2 c. skim-milk 

1 tbs. flour 

1 c. sugar 
Prunes, stewed 

1 lb. prunes (4S prunes) 

Tapioca, apple pudding 
y2 c. tapioca 
4 apples 



2 tbs. sugar 



li/g c. milk 
1 c. bean pulp 

seasonings 

% ts. soda 

1 ts. salt 

% c. molasses 



2 c. sour milk 



2 c. milk 

1/^ ts. vanilla 

2 ts. cocoa 
2 ts. sugar 

y^ c. milk 

2 ts. baking powder 

2% c. flour * 

y2 c. sugar 



3 eggs 



1 qt. thin cream 

2 ts. vanilla 

1 c. sugar 
water 

% c. sugar 

3 c. water 



Few grains salt 



Tomato, cream of, soup 

2 c. canned tomatoes 
2 ts. sugar 
1 qt. milk 



Soda and seasonings 



4 tbs. flour 
% c. butter 
Vg medium onion 



"' These recipes are taken from Feeding the Family, by Mary Swartz 
Rose. Used by permission of and special arrangement with the Mac- 
millan Company, Publishers. 



184 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



TABLE C. 

Price List^* 



Food 



Price 



Equivalent Measures 
and Weights 



Current 
Local 
Prices 



Apples. . . 
Apple pie . 



Asparagus 

Bacon 

Baking powder. 



Bananas 

Beans, canned, baked 

Beans, dried 

Beans, Lima, fresh, 
shelled 

Beans, string 

Beef, corned 

Beef, porterhouse .... 

Beef, rib roast 

Beef, round 

Beef, shoulder 

Beef, sirloin 

Beets, fresh 

Blue fish 

Bouillon^ 

Bread, graham 

Bread, rye 

Bread, white 

Bread, white, home- 
made . 

Butter 

Butter milk 

Cabbage 

Carrots . . . 

CauUfiower 

Celery 



Cheese, American. 



Cheese, cream 

Cheese, full cream . . . 

Cheese, Swiss 

Chicken 

Chicken soup^ 

Chocolate, bitter. . . . 
Chocolate, German's 
sweet 



B.12 per qt. 
.25 per pie 
(4 servings) 
.15 per bunch 
.45 per lb. 
.30 per can 

.35 per dozen 
.15 per can 
.14 per lb. 



1 qt.=25oz." 
1 pie = 18 oz. 

1 bunch = 35 oz. 

2 thin slices = 1 oz. 
1 can = 1 lb. 

1 cup = 6 oz. 
1 doz. = 3 lbs. 
1 can = 20 oz. 
1 cup = 7 oz. 



= 20 oz. 
= 12 oz." 



.27 per qt. 1 qt. 

.08 per qt. 1 qt. 

.22 per lb. 

.50 per lb. 

.35 per lb. 

.35 per lb. 

.30 per lb. 

.50 per lb. 

.05 per bunch 1 bunch = 24 oz. 

.20 per lb. 

.20 per can 1 can = 16 oz. 

.10 per loaf ^ ^ — * _ ic „„ 

.10 per loaf 

.10 per loaf 



.14 per loaf 
.48 per lb. 
.10 per qt. 
.05 per lb. 
.05 per bunch 
.25 per head 
.10 per bunch 

.30 per lb. 

.12 per cheese 
.35 per lb. 

.55 per lb. 
.45 per lb. 
.20 per can 
.40 per lb. 
.10 per cake 



loaf = 16 oz. 
J. loaf = 16 oz. 
1 loaf = 16 oz. 

1 loaf = 16 oz. 

1 cup = 8 oz. 

1 qt. =34 oz. 

1 head = 4 lbs. 

1 bunch = 10 oz. 

1 head = 2 lbs. 

1 bunch = 3 stalks 

1 bunch = 10 oz. 

1 cup, packed sohd = 8 oz 

1 cup, grated = 4 oz. 

1 cheese = 3 oz. 

1 cup, packed solid = 8 oz. 

1 cup, grated = 4 oz. 



1 can = 16 oz. 
1 sq. = 1 oz. 
1 cake = 4 oz. 



FOOD 



185 



TABLE C 

Price List — Continued. 



Food 



Price 



Equivalent Measures 
and Weights 



Current 
Local 
Prices 



Cocoa 

Cod, salt 

Coffee 

Cookies, sugar, 3 in. 

diam. thick 

Corn, canned 

Cornflakes 

Cornmeal 

Cornstarch 

Corn syrup 

Crackers, graham 

Crackers, oyster 

Crackers, saltines 

Crackers, soda 

Cranberries 

Cream of wheat 

Cream, 40% 

Crisco 

Dates 

Doughnuts, homemade 
Eggs..: 

Figs 

Flour, barley 

Flour, corn 

Flour, graham 

Flour, potato 

Flour, rice 

Flour, rye 

Flour, wheat 

Flour, whole wheat 

Gelatin, granulated . . . 

Grape fruit 



$.25 per can 

.25 per lb. 
.30 per lb. 

.18 per doz. 
.17 per can 
.15 per box 
m% per lb. 
.10 per pkg. 

.15 per can 
.18 per pkg. 
.18 per lb. 
.25 per pkg. 

.10 per pkg. 

.15 per qt. 
.25 per box 

.20 per Yi pt. 
.35 per can 
.25 per box 
.25 per doz. 
.55 per doz. 

.20 per lb. 
.38 per sack 

.07 per lb. 
.35 per sack 

.18 per lb. 
.14 per lb. 
.38 per sack 

1.48 per bag 

.35 per sack 

.10 per pkg. 

.10 a piece 



can = 8 oz. 
cup = 4}^ oz. 

tbs. = 1 oz. 
cup =4 oz. 



doz. = 10 oz. 
= 20 oz. 
= 10 oz. 
= 5 oz. 

= 16 oz. 
= 4K oz. 
= 20 oz. 

= 8K oz. 



can 
box 
cup 



cup 
can 
pkg 



pkg. 

pkg. 

pkg. 

pkg. 

qt. = 

box 

cup 

^pt. = 
can 
box 
doz. 
doz. 

7 eggs 

24 figs 
sack 
cup 
cup 
sack 
cup 
cup 
cup 
sack 
cup 
bag 
cup, 
sack 
cup 
pkg. 

3 tbs. : 



= 9J^ oz. 

= 80 crackers 

= 4ys oz. 

= 22 crackers 
= 16 oz.27 
= 28 oz. 
= 6 oz. 
= 7% oz. 
= 24 oz. 
= 12 oz, 

= 19 oz. 

= 27 oz. 

= 16 oz. 

= 16 oz. 

= 5 lbs. 
= 3% oz. 
= 4M oz. 

= 5 1b. 
= 5 oz. 
= 6 oz. 
= 5 oz. 

= 51b. 
= 5 oz. 
= 24K lbs. 
sifted = 4 oz. 

= 5 1b. 
= 5 oz. 

= 1 oz. 
= 1 oz. 



186 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



TABLE C 
Pkice List — Continued 



Food 



Grape nuts 

Haddock 

Halibut 

Ham, fresh 

Ham, smoked 

Hominy grits 

Hominy, pearl 

Honey 

Ice cream . . 

Lamb chops 

Lard 

Lemons 

Lettuce 

Liver, veal 

Macaroni 

Mackerel 

Maple syrup 

Milk, condensed, 

sweetened 

Milk, skimmed 

Milk, whole 

Molasses, cane 

Mutton, leg 

Mutton, loin chops 
Oats, rolled 

Oil, cottonseed table 
Oil, olive 

Oleomargarine 

Onions 

Oranges 

Oysters 

Peaches, canned .... 

Peaches, fresh 

Peanuts 

Peas, canned 

Peas, dried, split . . . 

Peas, green 

Pepper 

Pickles, Dill 



Price 


Equivalent Measures 
and Weights 


Current 
Local 
Prices 


$.14 per pkg. 


1 pkg. = 14 oz. 




.15 per lb. 






.35 per lb. 






.38 per lb. 






.35 per lb. 






.15 per box 


1 box = 28 oz. 
1 cup = 5M oz. 




.15 per box 


1 box = 28 oz. 




.30 per lb. 






.60 per qt. 


1 qt. = 32 oz. 




.55 per lb.. 






.33 per lb. 


1 cup = 8 oz. 




.45 per doz. 


1 doz. = 3 lbs. 




.10 per head 


1 head = 9 oz. 




.38 per lb. 






.12 per pkg. 


1 pkg. = 12 oz. 




.25 per lb. 






2.50 per gal. 


1 gal. = 8 lb. 




.17 per can 


1 can = 16 oz. 




.05 per qt. 


1 qt. = 34 oz. 




.14 per qt. 


1 qt. = 34 oz. 




.15 per can 


1 can = 26 oz. 
1 cup = 12 oz. 




.35 per lb. 






.50 per lb. 






.13 per box 


1 box = 20 oz. 
6 cups = 16 oz. 




1.80 per can 


1 can = 80 oz. 




7.50 per gal 


1 gal. = 7}i lb. 




3.00 per qt. 


1 cup = 7y2 oz. 




.33 per lb. 


1 cup = 8 oz. 




.10 per qt. 


1 qt. = 28 K OZ.2' 




.70 per doz. 


1 doz. = 5% lb. 




.50 per qt. 


1 qt. = 32 oz. 
1 qt. =28 oysters 




.24 per can 


1 can = 30 oz. 




1.75 per K bu. 


K bu. = 25 lb." 




.25 per lb. 


1 cup = 2)4 oz. 
12 peanuts = 1 oz. 




.12'/^ per can 


1 can = 20 oz. 




.16 per lb. 


1 cup = 7K oz. 




.07K per qt. 


1 qt. = 30 OZ.27 




.10 per box 


1 box = 4 oz. 




.15 per doz. 







FOOD 



187 



TABLE C 

Price List — Continued 



Food 



Price 



Equivalent Measures 
and Weights 



Current 
Local 
Prices 



Pork, loin chops. . 

Pork, salt 

Potatoes, sweet. . . 
Potatoes, white ... 
Prunes, dried .... 
Raisins, seeded ... 

Rice 

Rolls 

Salmon 

Salt 

Sausage meat .... 
Shredded wheat . . 

Soda 

Spinach 

Sugar, brown .... 
Sugar, domino . . . . 
Sugar, granulated. 
Sugar, powdered . . 
Tapioca 

Tea 

Tomato soup ^ . . . . 
Tomatoes, canned. 
Tomatoes, fresh . . 

Turkey 

Vanilla 

Veal cutlet 

Vinegar 

Walnut meats. . . . 
Walnuts, unshelled 
Wheatena 



.40 
.42 
.08 
1.30 
.15 
.14 
.14 
.20 
.25 
.05 
.22 
.14 



per lb. 
per lb. 
per qt. 
per K bu. 
per lb. 
per pkg. 
per lb. 
per doz. 
per can 
per bag 
per lb. 
per box 



.08 per box 

.15 per peck 
.09M per lb. 
.14 per lb. 
.09^4 per lb. 
.11 per lb. 
.10 per pkg. 

.50 per lb. 
.20 per can 
.20 per can 
.25 per 4 qt. 

.60 per lb. 
.25 per bottle 
.45 per lb. 

per bottle 

per lb. 

per lb. 

per box 



.15 

1.00 

.30 

.25 



1 qt. = 27 oz." 

K bu. = 30 lb.27 

48 prunes = 16 oz. 

1 pkg. = 15 oz. 

1 cup = 8 oz. 

1 doz. = 16 oz. 

1 can = 16 oz. 

1 bag = 40 oz. 

1 cup = 8 oz. 

1 box = 12 oz. 

1 box = 12 biscuits 

1 box = 16 oz. 

1 cup = 8 oz. 

1 peck = 3 \hP 

1 cup = 5 5{ oz. 

4 full size lumps = 1 oz. 

1 cup equals 7 % oz. 

1 cup = 6 oz. 

1 pkg. = 16 oz. 

1 cup = 6K oz. 

6 tbs. = 1 oz. 

1 can = 16 oz. 

1 can = 32 oz. 

1 qt. = 28 0Z.27 

3 tomatoes = 16 oz. 

1 bottle = 2 oz. 

1 bottle = 26 oz. 
16 meats = 1 oz. 
35 nuts = 16 oz. 
1 box = 23 oz. 
1 cup = 6 oz. 



-''The prices are local prices for Detroit, Michigan (1918). The data in 
colinnn 3, Equivalent Measures and Weights, have been obtained, as far 
as possible, by actually weighing the foods. When this has not been 
possible, the weights have been obtained by consultation with merchants 
and from the following sources: 

Get Your Money's Worth, Key to Economy, issued by Department 
of Weights and Measures, Newark, N. J., and Feeding the Family, by 
Mary Swartz Rose. Used by permission of and special arrangement with the 
Maemillan Company, Publishers. 

^ Get Your Money's Worth, Key to Economy. Issued by Department 
of Weights and Measures, Newark, N. ,J. 

^ These prices and weights are for soups, not concentrated but ready 
to serve. 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

TABLE D 

Weight of Common Measures of Food Materials 



Material 



Weight in ounces 



1 cup 



1 tba. 



Baking powder 

Beans, navy, dried 

Beans, Lima, dried 

Bread crumbs, stale 

Butter 

Cheese, grated 

Cheese, packed soUd 

Cocoa 

Cod, shredded 

Coffee 

Cornmeal 

Cornstarch : . . . . 

Cream, thick 

Cream, thin 

Crisco 

Fanna 

Flour, graham 

Flour, wheat, sifted 

Gelatin, granulated 

Lard 

Meat, chopped 

Milk 

Milk, condensed, unsweetened 
Milk, condensed, sweetened . . 

Nuts, chopped 

Oats, rolled 

OUve oil 

Peas, dried 

Rice, uncooked 

Salt 

Soda 

Suet 

Sugar, brown 

Sugar, granulated 

Sugar, powdered 

Tapioca 

Tea 



7 
3 



6 
4 
5 

4^ 
7% 



11 

8 
3 

2^ 
7]4 
7% 
7 



5% 
7% 
6 

2% 



% 
% 
% 
% 
% 
% 
% 
Vz 
Va 
Vz 

% 
Vio 
%o 

Yz 



FOOD 189 

TABLE E 

Tables of Weights and Measures 
english system 

Linear Measure ^' 

12 inches (in.)=l foot (ft.)*" 
3 feet=l yard (yd.) 
51/2 yards, or 161/2 feet = 1 rd. (rd.) 
320 rods, or 5280 feet=l mile (mi.) 

Square Measure 
144 square inches (sq. in.) =1 sq. foot (sq. ft.) 

9 square feet = 1 square yard ( sq. yd. ) 
3014 square yards = 1 square rod ( sq. rd. ) 

160 square rods = 1 acre (A.) 

640 acres = 1 square mile ( sq. mi. ) 

Cubic Measure 
1728 cubic inches (cu. in.) =1 cubic foot (cu. ft.) 
27 cubic feet=l cubic yard (cu. yd.) 
128 cubic feet = 1 cord (cd.) 

Weight (Avoirdupois) 
16 ounces (oz.) =: 1 pound (lb.) 
2000 pounds = 1 ton (T.) 

Liquid Measure 
4 gills (gi.) =1 pint (pt.) 
2 pints = 1 quart (qt. ) 
4 quarts = 1 gallon ( gal. ) 

Metric System 
Measures of Length 
10 millimeters (mm.) =: 1 centimeter (cm.) 
10 centimeters == 1 decimeter (dm.) 
10 decimeters = 1 meter (m.) 

10 meters = 1 dekameter (Dm.) 
10 dekameters = 1 hektometer (Hm.) 
10 hektometer s = 1 kilometer (Km.) 

Measures of Capacity 

10 milliliters (ml.) ^ 1 centiliter (cl.) 

10 centiliters = 1 deciliter ( dl. ) 

10 deciliters := 1 liter (1.) 

10 liters = 1 dekaliter (Dl.) 

10 dekaliters = 1 hektoliter (HL) 

10 hektoliters= 1 kiloliter (Kl.) 

*^The signs ' and " are used to represent feet and inches respectively; 
thus, 3 ft, 2 in. may be written 3' 2". 



190 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



TABLE E 

Tables of Weights and Measures — Continued 
Measures of Weight 

10 milligrams (mg. ) = 1 centigram (eg.) 

10 centigrams = 1 decigram (dg. ) 

10 decigrams^ 1 gram (g. ) 

10 grams =^ 1 dekagram ( Dg. ) 

10 dekagrams = 1 hektogram (Hg. ) 

10 hektograms = 1 kilogram (Kg.) 

1000 kilograms = 1 ton (T.) 

Metric Equivalent Measures 
1 meter = 39.37 in. =: 3.28083 ft. = 1.0936 yd. 



1 centimeter 

1 kilometer = 

1 inch = 

1 liter = 

1 liters 

1 quart = 

1 gram = 

1 kilogram =: 

1 ounce, avoirdupois = 28.35 grams 

1 pound =: .4536 kilogram 



.3937 inch 

.62137 mile 
2.54 centimeters = 25.4 millimeters 
1.0567 quarts 
2.202 lb. of water at 62° F. 

.946 liter 

.0353 oz. 
2.2045 pounds 



453.6 grams 



HIGHER LIFE 



HIGHER LIFE 
Budgets of Expenditures for Higher Life 

It is in the expenditures for higher life that the individuality 
of the family is most apparent. If the income is large enough to 
permit of a moderate allowance for this budget division then there 
is opportunity for some choice in the matter of expenditures, but 
this is more or less impossible if the family income falls below 
$1000. Many subdivisions of the expenditures for higher life may 
be made to suit the needs or desires of different families, but these 
may be classified under five main divisions : health, beneficence, 
recreation, education, and incidentals. The principal objects for 
which money is expended in each of these divisions are as follows : 

Health. — Doctor, dentist, nurse, medicine?' 

Beneficence. — Church, contributions to charity, relief work. 

Recreation. — Athletics, theater, moving pictures, travel, vaca- 
tion. 

Education. — Schooling, books, periodicals, newspapers, music, 
lectures, societies. 

Incidentals. — Gifts to friends, unclassified expenditures. 

It is also customary to. include savings and investments under 
higher life. 

For the purpose of comparing the expenditures of different 
families for higher life, an arbitrary standard may be set up and 
used as the basis of comparison. Expenditures for the various 
objects exclusive of incidentals will then be rated according as 
they conform to this standard. A score-card for this purpose may 
be devised in which records conforming to the standard would be 
rated 100 points. 

SCORE-CAKD FOR GRADING EXPENDITXTRES FOR HIGHER LiFE * 

Possible Actual 
Standard Score Score 

A. Minimum amount to be devoted to higher life: 

25 per cent, of the total family income 50 

B. Minimum amounts to be expended on subdivisions of 

higher life 50 

Savings 20 per cent, of the total devoted to 

higher life 

* From MSS. of B. R. Andrews, Teachers College, Columbia University. 
13 193 



194 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Possible Actual 
Standard Score Score 

Education 10 per cent, of the total devoted to 

higher life 
Beneficence 10 per cent, of the total devoted to 

higher life 
Recreation 5 per cent, of the total devoted to 

higher life 
Health 5 per cent, of the total devoted to 

higher life 

50 

100 

Directions. — Under A, deduct 1 point for each per cent, of 
the amount expended for higher life less than 25 per cent. 

Under B, deduct 2 points for each per cent, of deficiency below 
the minimum per cent, given for any division; but not a total of 
over 50 points. 

EXEECISE I 

Problem. — A teacher with a salary of $1200 made the following expendi- 
tures for higher life: Church, $100; beneficence, $150; health, $30; insur- 
ance, $27.50; incidentals, $6.50; books and magazines, $15; recreation, 
$7.50. Find the per cent, of the total for higher life that was expended 
on each division of the budget. Grade the expenditures according to the 
method suggested above. 

$100 + $150 + $30 + $27.50 -f $15 + $7.50 + $6.50 

= $336.50, the total amount spent for higher life, or 
28 per cent, of the total income. 
$100 -f $150 = $250, the total for beneficence. 
$27.50 -^ $336.50 = .08, or 8%, the per cent, of the total expended for 
savings. 
$15 -^ $336.50 = .04, or 4%, the per cent, of the total expended for 
education. 
$250 -^ $336.50 = .74, or 74%, the per cent, of the total expended for 

beneficence. 
$7.50 -^- $336.50 = .02, or 2%, the per cent, of the total expended for 
recreation. 
,$30 -^ $336.50 = .09, or 9%, the per cent, of the total expended for 
health. 
$336.50 — $1200 = .28, or 28%, the per cent, of the income for higher 

life. 
The score for A is 50, since more than 25 per cent, of the income is 

expended for higher life. 
In B 24 pts. are deducted for a 12 per cent, deficiency in savings. 
12 pts., for a 6 per cent, deficiency in education. 
6 pts., for a 3 per cent, deficiency in recreation. 

42 pts., the total number of points deducted. 
50 - 42 = 8, the score for B. 
50 + 8 = 58, the total score. 
The scores should be entered in the proper places on the score-card. 



HIGHER LIFE 



195 



In the following budgets, find the per cent, of the total amount 
for higher life expended on each division of the budget. Grade 
the expenditures, using the score-card : 



1. Clergyman. Salary, $1000. 
Expenditures : 

Poor fund $14.00 

Doctor's bills 18.90 

Missions 5.00 

Medicine 10.50 

Red Cross 6.00 

Books 18.00 

Magazines 3.00 



Newspapers $3.25 

Concerts 1.50 

Party for children . . . 3.85 

Pleasure 9.50 

Insurance 80.00 

Trip to conference 55.00 



2. Clerk. Salary, $1200. 
Expenditures : 

Church subscriptions . . $24.00 

Patriotic fund 12.00 

Dentist 6.50 

Doctor 4.00 

Insurance 28.40 

Theater 10.50 

Dances 6.80 



Athletics $14.50 

Y. M. C. A 5.00 

Pleasures 5.00 

Magazines 6.00 

Newspapers 8.50 

Music lessons 24.00 

Medicine 3.25 



Accountant. Income, $1550. 
Expenditures : 

Red Cross $5.00 

Charity Organization.. 5.00 

Hospital 3.00 

Armenian and Syrian 

Relief 20.00 

Y. M. C. A. and 

Y. W. C. A 10.00 

War Camp Community 

Service 10.00 



Church $12.00 

Doctor 18.00 

Dentist 12.00 

Medicine 6.62 

Insurance 218.59 

Newspapers and maga- 
zines 10.40 

Theaters and movies. . . 4.00 
Entertaining 11.60 



4. Farmer. Income, $1800 
Expenditures : 

Medical aid $26.70 

Church 15.79 

Refurnishing 80.00 

Amusement 20.00 

Life insurance 95.00 

Magazines and papers . . 24.00 

Books 22.00 



Vacation trip $113.25 

Club dues . . ' 20.00 

Charity 25.00 

Christmas gifts 45.00 

Improvements to prop- 
erty 16.80 

Savings 400.00 



196 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



5. Mechanic. Income, $1000. 

Expenditures : 

Church $12.00 

Subscription for new 

church 80.00 

War fund 12.00 

Doctor 4.00 

Medicine 8.2.") 



Insurance •. . . .$36.7-3 

Savings bank 60.00 

Papers 3.23 

Books : 1.75 

Amusements 15.00 



Saving and Investment 
Not all of the family income should be expended for food, cloth- 
ing, shelter, and the other items of the household budget, but a 
definite part should be set aside each year as savings. There may 
come a time when the earning power of the bread-winner of the 
family is lessened because of old age, sickness, or loss of position; 
bills may arise from unforeseen emergencies, such as sickness or ac- 
cident ; money may be required for the education of the children or 
for travel. Td meet the needs of these situations the savings of 
previous years should be available. 





A.MOUNT OF 


$1 AT Compound Interest from 


1 TO 25 Years 


Years 


3K% 


4% 


4K% 


5% 


5K% 


, 6% 


1 


1.035000 


1.040000 


1.045000 


1.050000 


1.055000 


1.060000 


2 


1.071225 


1.081600 


1.092025 


1.102500 


1.113025 


1.123600 


3 


1.108718 


1.124864 


1.141166 


1.157625 


1.174241 


1.191016 


4 


1.147523 


1.169859 


1.192519 


1.215506 


1.238825 


1.262477 


5 


1.187686 


1.216653 


1.246182 


1.276282 


1.306960 


1.338226 


6 


1.229255 


1.265319 


1.302260 


1.340096 


1.378843 


1.418519 


7 


1.272279 


1.315932 


1.360862 


1.407100 


1.454679 


1.503630 


8 


1.316809 


1.368569 


1.422101 


1.477455 


1.534687 


1.593848 


9 


1.362897 


1.423312 


1.486095 


1.551328 


1.619094 


1.689479 


10 


1.410599 


1.480244 


1.552969 


1.628895 


1.708144 


1.790848 


11 


1.459970 


1.539454 


1.622853 


1.710339 


1.802092 


1.898299 


12 


1.511069 


1.601032 


1.695881 


1.795856 


1.901207 


2.012196 


13 


1.563956 


1.665074 


1.772196 


1.885649 


2.005774 


2.132928 


14 


1.618695 


1.731676 


1.851945 


1.979932 


2.116091 


2.260904 


15 


1.675349 


1.800944 


1.935282 


2.078928 


2.232476 


2.396558 


16 


1.733986 


1.872981 


2.022370 


2.182875 


2.355263 


2.540352 


17 


1.794676 


1.947901 


2.113377 


2.292018 


2.484802 


2.692773 


18 


1.857489 


2.025817 


2.208479 


2.406619 


2.621466 


2.854339 


19 


1.922501 


2.106849 


2.307860 


2.526950 


2.765647 


3.025600 


20 


1.989789 


2.191123 


2.411714 


2.653298 


2.917757 


3.207135 


21 


2.059431 


2.278768 


2.520241 


2.785963 


3.078234 


3.399564 


22 


2.131512 


2.369919 


2.633652 


2.925261 


3.247537 


3.603537 


23 


2.206114 


2.464716 


2.752166 


3.071524 


3.426152 


3.819750 


24 


2.283328 


2.563304 


2.876014 


2.225100 


3.614590 


4.048935 


25 


2.363245 


2.665836 


3.005434 


3.386355 


3.813392 


4.291871 



HIGHER LIFE 



197 



There are many ways of investing these savings, among the 
most important of which are the savings bank account, the postal 
savings deposit, shares in a building and loan association, life 
insurance, investments in stocks, bonds, mortgages, government 
securities, and real estate. 

Investments that pay more than 5 per cent, or 6 per cent, 
interest usually involve an element of risk and are not recommended 
for the small investor. 

Amount of $1 per Annum at Compound Interest prom 1 to 20 Years 



Years 


3K% 


4% 


4K% 


5% 


5K% 


6% 


1 


1.000000 


1.000000 


1.000000 


1.000000 


1.000000 


1.000000 


2 


2.035000 


2.040000 


2.045000 


2.050000 


2.055000 


2.060000 


3 


3.106225 


3.121600 


3.137025 


3.152500 


3.168025 


3.183600 


4 


4.214943 


4.246464 


4.278191 


4.310125 


4.342266 


4.374616 


5 


5.362466 


5.416323 


5.470710 


5.525631 


5.581091 


5.637093 


6 


6.550152 


6.632975 


6.716892 


6.801913 


6.888051 


6.975319 


7 


7.779408 


7.898294 


8.019152 


8.142008 


8.266894 


8.393838 


8 


9.051687 


9.214226 


9.380014 


9.549109 


9.721573 


9.897468 


9 


10.368496 


10.582795 


10.802114 


11.026564 


11.256260 


11.491316 


10 


11.731393 


12.006107 


12.288209 


12.577893 


12.875354 


13.180795 


11 


13.141992 


13.486351 


13.841179 


14.206787 


14.583498 


14.971643 


12 


14.601962 


15.025805 


15.464032 


15.917127 


16.385590 


16.869941 


13 


16.113030 


16.626838 


17.159913 


17.712983 


18.286797 


18.882138 


14 


17.676986 


18.291911 


18.932109 


19.598632 


20.292571 


21.015066 


15 


19.295681 


20.023588 


20.784054 


21.578564 


22.408662 


23.275970 


16 


20.971030 


21.824531 


22.719337 


23.657492 


24.641138 


25.672528 


17 


22.705016 


23.697512 


24.741707 


25.840366 


26.996401 


28.212880 


18 


24.499691 


25.645413 


26.855084 


28.132385 


29.481203 


30.905653 


19 


26.357181 


27.671229 


29.063562 


30.539004 


32.102669 


33.759992 


20 


28.279682 


29.778079 


.31.371423 


33.065954 


34.868316 


36.785591 



EXERCISE II 

Prohlem. — A girl received a legacy of $500 when she was 3 years old. 
It was invested for her at 4 per cent, compound interest. What did it 
amount to when she was 21 years old? 

From the compound interest table on page 196 it will be seen that $1 
amounts to $2.025817 in 18 years. 

Hence $500 will amount to 500 X $2.025817 or $1012.91. 

Problem. — ^A young m:an deposited $150 annually in a savings bank 
that pays 3i/^ per cent, compound interest. What did his savings amount 
to at the end of 10 years ? 

From the above table it will be seen that $1 deposited annually at 3^^ 

per cent, interest for 10 years amounts to $11.731393. 
Hence $150 deposited annuallv for 10 vears will amount to 150 X 
$11.731393 or $1759.71. 



198 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

1. In order to buy a wrist watch, Helen decided not to spend all 
of her allowance on ice cream and the movies, but to put. 15 cents 
into the savings bank each week. At 414 per cent, interest, com- 
pounded annually, how much money would she have at the end 
of 5 years? 

2. Helen's chum wants to buy a $50 bond. If she can put 25 
cents a week into a savings bank that pays 4% per cent, interest, 
compounded annually, how long will it take her to save enough 
money to buy the bond ? 

3. A War Savings Stamp cost $4.18 in July, 1919. On January 
1, 1924, the government will pay $5 to the owner of the stamp. 
Show that the interest on the stamp is figured at the rate of 4 per 
cent, compounded quarterly. 

4. Mary Jones has a War Savings Certificate which is a folder 
containing $5 War Savings Stamps. She bought one stamp each 
month for 5 months, beginning April, 1918, when a stamp cost 
$4.15. The stamps increased in cost 1 cent each month. In 1923 
when the certificate can be redeemed for its face value, how much 
interest will she receive? 

5. Mr. Johnson began when his son was 4 years old investing 
$75 for him on each birthday. If the money is invested at 4 per 
cent, compound interest, how much will it amount to on the boy's 
21st birthday? 

6. Harvey Jones saves 5 cents a week for 10 years and deposits 
his savings annually in a savings bank that pays 4 per cent, interest. 
How much will he have at the end of this time ? 

7. Margaret Stevens, a seamstress, finds that she can save on an 
average of $10 a month. If she deposits her savings annually in 
a savings bank paying 3% per cent, compound interest, what will 
they amount to at the end of 12 years? 

8. Hilda Jackson received a legacy of $1500 when she was 40 
years old. She invested it in such a way as to bring 5 per cent, 
compound interest. What did it amount to when she was 60 years 
old and obliged to retire from business? If she reinvested it at 
this time at 6 per cent, simple interest, what annual income did 
she receive from her investment ? 

9. What would a woman 35 years old have to save annually, 
if she invested it at 4 per cent, compound interest, in order to have 
her savings amount to $10,000 by the time she is 60 years old ? 



HIGHER LIFE 199 

10. A man has partially provided for his family in case of his 
death by taking out a life insurance policy for $5000 on which he 
pays an annual premium of $125.20. If he can invest his additional 
savings so as to bring 4I/2, per cent, compound interest, how much 
more will he have to save annually to provide another $5000 by the 
end of 20 years? 

Postal Savings Deposits 

The postal savings system of the United States is in operation 
in a large number of post offices throughout the country. In these 
post offices any person may make a deposit of a dollar or more. 
Eeceipts for deposits are issued in the form of postal savings certifi- 
cates. Since these certificates are made out in denominations of 
$1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, it is evident that no fraction of a dollar 
will be received for deposit. One may, however, deposit less than a 
dollar in the form of postal savings stamps, but without interest. 

Each certificate bears interest at the rate of 2 per cent, from 
the first of the month following that in which it was purchased. 
This interest is payable annually, but no interest is paid on money 
which remains on deposit for less than a year. Compound interest 
is not allowed, but a depositor may use the interest to purchase 
a new certificate which will bear interest. 

Although the rate of interest is low, many people prefer this 
method of investing savings because the government guarantees the 
payment of the money. 

EXERCISE III 

Prohlem. — Find tlie interest on $45 on deposit in a postal savings bank 
for three years, if the interest, when it amounted to $1 or more, was invested 
in a new certificate. 

3X2 per cent, of $45 = $2.70, the interest for three years. 

At the end of the second year the interest was $1.80, one dollar of 
which was invested in a new certificate. The interest on this certificate at 
the end of the third year was 2 cents, making the total interest $2.72. 

Find the amount of the principal and interest on the following 
simis deposited in a postal savings bank, if the interest is invested 
when it amounts to $1 or more. 

1. $15 for 2 years. 4. $10 for 5 years. 

2. $55 for 3 years. 5. $73 for 8 years. 

3. $35 for 6 years. 6. $12C for 6 years. 



200 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

7. Mary Jones made the following deposits in a postal savings 
bank: $3, March 12, 1913; $4, May 5, 1913; $1, June 4, 1913; 
$2, Sept. 20, 1913; $5, Oct. 5, 1913; $10, Dec. 27, 1913; $3, Feb. 
7, 1914; $1, March 4, 1914; $2, April 6, 1914. What was the 
amount of the principal and interest on April 1, 1915 ? 

8. If $1 is deposited each month for three years, what will be 
the amount of principal and interest at the end of that time ? 

9. $45 is deposited quarterly for five years. At the end of the 
time what will be the amount of the principal and interest, if the 
interest, is used for new certificates whenever it amounts to $1 or 
more? 

Savings Bank Accounts 

A savings bank is a bank with the purpose of receiving small 
deposits of money and paying interest thereon. It is under the 
control of state laws. Hence it furnishes a safe as well as convenient 
method of investing small amounts. When the savings have accu- 
mulated to a sufficient amount, they may often wisely be withdrawn 
and used for investments drawing a higher rate of interest, such 
as bonds, mortgages, etc., although the individual investment in the 
latter form is not usually as secure as the savings bank deposit. 

Interest is paid on the money deposited at the rate of 3 per cent. 
or 4 per cent., but no interest is paid on fractions of a dollar. 
The interest is payable semiannually or quarterly. Some banks 
allow interest from the first of each month, others from the first 
of each quarter, and still others from, the first of each half-year. 
The interest is usually computed on the smallest balance on hand 
between this day and the next interest day. A withdrawal may 
cancel the interest on the sum withdrawn for the entire interest 
period or for the quarter. Banks have different rules in regard to 
the payments of interest. These are printed in the pass-books and 
should be carefully studied by the depositor. 

The interest dates are most frequently January 1 and July 1. 
"V^Hien interest becomes due, it may be withdrawn or it may be left 
to the credit of the depositor. If it is left on deposit, it will 
draw interest. Savings banks, therefore, pay compound interest. 

EXEECISE IV 

Problem. — Find the balance due Jan. 1, 1913, on the following savings 
bank account: Mrs. Jones opened the account on Sept. 30, Iflll, by 
depositing $45. She deposited Jan. 9, 1912, $75; deposited April 1, 1912, 



HIGHER LIFE 



201 



$73; withdrew May 6, 1912, $50; deposited June 1, 1912, $45; deposited 
Sept. 20, 1912, $70;" withdrew Oct. 10, 1912, $35; deposited Nov. 1, 1912, $20. 
Interest is computed at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum on all amounts that 
have been on deposit for 6 months or 3 months prior to the interest dates 
of Jan. 1 and July 1. 



Dates Deposits 

Sept. 30, 1911 $45 

Jan. 1, 1912 

Jan. 9, 1912 75 

April 1, 1912 73 

May 6, 1912 

June 1, 1912 45 

July 1, 1912 

Sept. 20, 1912 70 

Oct. 10, 1912 

Nov. 1, 1912 20 

Jan. 1, 1913 



Withdrawa'.s 



$50 



35 



Interest 



$.45 



1.88 



4.15 



Balance 
$45.00 
45.45 
120.45 
193.45 
143.45 
188.45 
190.33 
260.33 
225.33 
245.33 
249.48 



.$45 X .01 = $.45, the interest on $45 for 3 months, due Jan. 1, 1912. 

$45.45 is the smallest amount on deposit from Jan. 1, 1912, to April 1, 

1912, and $143.45 is the smallest amount on deposit from April 1, 

1912, to July 1, 1912. 

Hence, $45 X .01 + $143 X .01, or $1.88, is the amount of interest due 

July 1. 
$190 X .01 + $225 X .01, or $4.15, is the amount of interest due Jan. 1, 

1913. ($190 and $225, the smallest amounts on deposit in third and 
fourth quarters. ) 

In the examples 1-5 compute the interest semiannually, on 
July 1 and January 1, allowing interest on all sums that have been 
on depositi 6 months or 3 months prior to the interest dates. 

1. Find the balance in the bank July 1, 1918, if $250 was 
deposited in the bank July 1, 1917, bearing interest at the rate of 
4 per cent, per annum. 

2. $470 was deposited in a savings bank on June 20, 1914. 
Find the balance in the bank on July 1, 1917, if the rate is 3i/^ 
per cent, per annum. 

3. $525 was deposited on May 5, 1915. If the rate of interest 
Avas 3 per cent., what was the balance in the bank on January 1, 
1916? 

4.' If $120 was deposited in a savings bank on May 17, 1916, 
bearing interest at the rate of 3 per cent, per annum, what would 
be the amount of the principal and interest on January 1, 1918? 

5, Find the balance in the bank July 1, 1918, if $48 is deposited 
on August 3, 1914, bearing interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per 
annum. 



202 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

6. Find the amount of the principal and interest in the exam- 
ples 1-5 if the interest is compounded q^uarterlj on January,!, 
April 1, July 1, and October 1. 

7. If interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum is allowed 
from the beginning of each half year and is credited to the account 
on January 1 and July 1, prepare a statement of the following 
account to July 1, 1918, similar to that on page 201. Deposited 
January 25, 1913, $45; deposited March 25, 1913, $50; deposited 
April 6, 1913, $20; deposited May 7, 1913, $60; deposited July 3, 
1913, $40; withdrew August 4, 1913, $50; deposited September 30, 

1913, $75; deposited November 1, 1913, $30; withdrew January 3, 

1914, $20; .deposited March 3, 1914, $45; deposited June 4, 
1914, $50. 

8. Make a statement of the following savings bank account, 
finding the balance due on July 1, 1918 : Mrs. Brown had a balance 
of $125 in the bank on July 1, 1916. She deposited September 26, 

1916, $60; deposited November 2, 1916, $20; deposited January 7, 

1917, $65; withdrew March 15, 1917, $45; deposited April 24, 

1917, $30; deposited November 4, 1917, $15; deposited January 2, 

1918, $25; withdrew April 30, 1918, $40. Interest on the deposits 
was 4 per cent, per annum on the smallest amount on deposit during 
the interest period of six months. Interest dates were January 1 
and July 1. 

9. Mr. Baker had a balance in the bank on July 1, 1916, of $780 
He withdrew December 1, 1916, $210; deposited January 1, 1917, 
$112; deposited April 7, 1917, $90; Avithdrew May 23, 1917, $110; 
deposited June 18, 1917, $174; deposited July 9, 1917, $45; with- 
drew August 23, 1917, $80; deposited November 3, 1917, $140. 
Assume that interest is computed at the rate of 4 per cent, per 
annum on all amounts that have been on deposit for 6 months or 
3 months prior to the interest dates of January 1 and July 1. 

10. Mary Greene opened a savings bank account on January 1, 
1916, by depositing $5, Thereafter she deposited $5 each month. 
Find the amount of the principal and interest on July 1, 1918, 
if the rate of interest was 4 per cent, and was credited to her 
account on January 1 and July 1 on all amounts that had been 
on deposit for six months or three months prior to the interest dates. 

11. Mrs. James wished to accumulate a fund with which to buy 
a sewing machine costing $50. In order to do this she deposited $2 



HIGHER LIFE 203 

a month in the savings bank, making- tlie first deposit on March 1, 
1916. What was her balance in the bank at the end of 25 monthly 
payments if the rate of interest was 4 per cent, and the interest 
was computed on the smallest amount in the bank for any quarter^ 
and credited to her account on January 1 and July 1 ? 

12. Mrs. Goodwin deposited $10 in the savings bank each month 
for 39 months for the purpose of accumulating a fund with which 
to buy a piano costing $400. If her first deposit was made Novem- 
ber 1^ 1914, what was the total amount of interest received on her 
deposits ? What was the amount due her at the end of 39 months ? 
Compute the interest as in example 11. 

13. Make statements of the accounts in examples 7, 8, and 9, 
if the interest is allowed from the first of each month. Any with- 
drawal is subtracted from the amount on deposit at the beginning 
of the 6 months' interest period, thus cancelling the interest that 
would otherwise accrue. If the withdrawal during an interest 
period exceeds the amount on deposit at the beginning of that 
period, the excess is subtracted from the first deposit during the 
interest period, in each case cancelling the interest as before. 

Building and Loan Associations 

A building and loan association is a private corporation organ- 
ized for the purpose of promoting systematic saving among its 
members, especially with the idea that these savings may be used 
for the purchase of homes. Provided the interests of the members 
are adequately protected by state laws, such associations offer reason- 
ably safe investments. 

A person may invest money in a building and loan association 
by paying monthly dues, usually of 35 cents, 50 cents, 75 cents, or 
$1 a month, for each share of stock that he owns. He then becomes 
a shareholder in the corporation. If the dues are $1 a month, 
the payment of $5 a month entitles him to 5 shares of stock. 

When the dues paid in on any series of shares plus the dividends 
earned by' these dues equals the face value of the shares, then the 
shares are said to have matured and a shareholder may withdraw 
an amount equal to the face value of his shares. The value of a 
share is usually $100 or $200, according as the dues are 50 cents 
or $1. Such shares mature in about eleven and one-half years. 

In some associations if a member is unable to keep up his pay- 



204 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

iiieuts he may withdraw an amount equal to the total of the dues that 
lie has paid plus a reasonable share of the profits. If this is not true, 
the interests of the investor are not sufficiently protected. 

The funds of the association are loaned on mortgages or other 
securities for a fair rate of interest, and earn for the members an 
average of 5 per cent, to 7 per cent, interest on their investments. 

EXERCISE V 

Unless otherwise stated consider that a share in a building and 
loan association on which the dues are $1 per month is worth $300 
at maturity. 

Problem. — Part I. A man invested $20 per month in a building and 
loan association in which the dues were $1 per share per month, and the 
value of the matured shares was $200 each. What was his profit on the 
investment, if the shares matured in 11 years and 9 months? 

$20 X 12 X 11^1^ = $2820, the total amount paid into 'the association. 
$200 X 20 = $4000, the value of the matured shares. 
$4000 — $2820 = $1 180, the profit on the investment. 
Part II. If at the end of three years he had been unable to keep up 
his payments, how much would he have paid into the association? If he 
was entitled to profits at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, how much could 
he withdraw at this time? 

$20 X 12 X 3 = $720, the sum of his payments at the end of three years. 
The first payment of $20 would have been invested for 36 months. 
The second payment of $20 would have been invested for 35 months. 
The last payment of $20 would have been invested for 1 month. 
The interest on these payments would be the same as the interest on 
$20 for 36 + 35 + ... 2 + 1 months. The series of numbers 
from 36 to 1 is an arithmetic progression and its sum equals 

/ JQ + 1 \ 35 or 666. (The sum of the terms of an arithmetic pro- 
gression equals % the sum of the first and last terms multiplied by 
the number of terms.) 
$20 X-Y2-^-X .04 = $44.40, the interest on $20 for 666 months, or the 
interest on his investment. 
$720 + 44.40 ^$764.40, the withdrawal value of his shares at the 
end of three years. 

1. Mrs. Baxter owned 5 shares in a building and loan associa- 
tion in which the dues were $1 per month. The shares matured in 
11 years and 5 months. How much did she pay into the association ? 
What was her profit on the investment ? 

2. If Mrs. Baxter had invested her money in a savings bank 
paying 4 per cent, interest, compounded semiannually, what would 
have been the profit on her investment ? 

3. Mrs. Brown wished to accumulate a fund for the college edu- 



HIGHER LIFE 205 

cation of her daughter Mary. When Mary was 8 years old, Mrs. 
Brown bought 10 shares in a building and loan association in which 
the dues were $1 per month. If the shares matured in 11 years and 
9 months, how much did she pay into the association? What was 
her profit on the investment? 

4. Susan Center saved $2 a month, which she invested in shares 
in a building and loan association in which the dues were 50 cents 
a month. If the shares matured in 12 years,, what was her profit 
on the investment ? 

5. If Susan Center deposited the money she received from these 
paid-up shares in a savings bank paying interest at the rate of 
4 per cent, per annum, compounded annually, and then invested 
this interest in a new series of building and loan shares, what 
would be the total amount of her profits at the end of 11 years and 6 
months when this series matured? 

6. Ethel Baxter, a stenographer, receiving $100 a month, wished 
to accumulate a fund. She bought 15 shares in a series of build- 
ing and loan association stock in which the dues were 75 cents per 
month and the face value of each share $100. If these shares 
matured in 9 years and 2 months, what was her profit? She con- 
tinued the investment of her savings by taking 15 shares in a new 
series which matured in 9 years. She also invested the money 
which she had received from the paid-up shares of the first series 
in bonds paying 6 per cent, interest. With the interest from these 
bonds she bought shares in a third series which matured in 9 years 
and 4 months. What did Jier savings amount to at the end of 
this time? 

7. How much must you save each week in order to pay for one 
share in the building and loan association in your town ? Find out 
in how many years the share is likely to mature ? About what will 
your profit amount to? 

8. Sarah Baker received a legacy of $1000 which she invested at 
6 per cent, interest. How many shares in a building and loan 
association at $1 per share could she buy with the interest on her 
investment? If the shares matured in 11 years and 4 months, what 
was the total profit on her investment? 

9. Harold Brown owned 10 shares in a building and loan 
association in which the dues were $1 per month. After holding 
them for four years, he was taken sick and not only was he unable to 
keep up the payments but he needed the money to pay the expense 



206 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

of his sickness. If he was entitled to profits at the rate of 4 per cent, 
per annum, how much did he receive for his share ? 

10. Mrs. Jones owned 12 shares in a building and loan associa- 
tion in which the dues were 50 cents per month per share. At the 
end of 6 years she was unable to keep up her payments. If she 
was entitled to profits at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum, what 
was the withdrawal value of her shares ? 

11. In March, 1908, Mary Brown purchased 10 shares in a build- 
ing and loan association in which the dues were $1 per month. In 
September, 1916, she wished to borrow money from the association 
tO' pay for a year's work in a university. The cost of her course 
would be $900 and in addition to that she wished to keep up her 
dues in the association and pay the interest on her loan. If the 
withdrawal value of her shares was reckoned as the sum of her pay- 
ments plus interest at 5 per cent, per annum and she was entitled 
to a loan of 90 per cent, of the withdrawal value of her shares, 
what amount could she borrow? Would this cover the expenses 
of the year, if the money was loaned at 6 per cent, per annum? 
How much did she pay per month in dues and interest after the 
loan was made? How much did she receive when her shares, 
matured at the end of 11 years and 4 months if the matured 
shares were used to cancel her loan ? 

Stocks 

A group of persons, organized under the laws of the state to do 
business as a single individual is called a corporation. If three 
men, for example, have $20,000, $30,000 and $100,000 which they 
wish to invest in some business which requires a capital of $200,000, 
they may find others who will furnish the additional capital required 
and form a corporation under the laws of the state to carry on the 
business. Then e'ach man receives certificates of stock and becomes 
a stockholder in the corporation. The usual value of a share of 
stock is $100, though shares may have various values. In the exam- 
ple given above, the first man would receive 200 shares of stock 
and the second man 300 shares, etc. 

The earnings of the company after deductions are made for a 
surplus fund, a sinking fund, etc., are divided among the stock- 
holders. These earnings are called dividends. If a dividend of 
3 per cent, is declared each stockholder receives $3 for each share 
of stock that he owns, provided, of course, that the par value of a 
share is $100. 



HIGHER LIFE 207 

Companies issue two kinds of stock, common stock and preferred 
stock. Preferred stock carries with it a guaranty to pay a specified 
dividend provided that the earnings of the company are sufficient to 
pay this dividend. The earnings that remain after these dividends 
are paid are divided proportionally among the common stockholders. 
For example, a man might hold 5 shares of preferred stock on which 
the rate is 8 per cent., and 5 shares of common stock. If the par 
value of each share is $100, he would receive $40 on the preferred 
stock provided there are suilEicient earnings made hy the company. 
On the common stock he might receive nothing or he might receive 
$30, $40, or $50, according as the dividends were 4 per cent., 8 per 
cent., or 10 per cent. It will be easily seen that the preferred stock 
is the safer investment, but not necessarily the more profitable. 

The par value of a share of stock is the value stated on the 
certificate of stock. The market value is the price for which the 
stock can be sold. Daily newspapers give the market prices of the 
leading stocks. These prices are quoted as so many dollars on a 
hundred. For example, Reading stock, the par value of which is 
$50 a share, is quoted at 94. This means that a share is worth 
94 per cent, of $50, or $47. The market value of stock depends upon 
many factors, of which the most important is the earnings of the com- 
pany issuing the stock. Because of the fluctuation in their market 
value and the lack of guaranty of dividends, as well as for other 
reasons, stocks are not to be recommended for the small investor. 

Quotations for Stocks, June 30, 1918 

Am. Can. pf 94:% 

Am. Ice pf 50 

Anaconda Copper 68 

C. R. I. & P. pf 75% 

Chi., Mil. & St. P. pf 741/. 

D. L. & W 164yo 

Gen. Motors pf Siyg 

Great Northern pf 90% 

Louis, and Nash 1 16i^ 

Pac. T. & T. pf 90 

Pittsburg Coal 53 

Reading 92y8 

Union Pacific 122 

United Drug 1st pf 49i/^ 

U. S. Rubber 5914 

U. S. Smelt., Ref. & M 44% 

U. S. Steel pf lOSi/s 

Wells Fargo Exp 75 

Western Union Tel 92 



208 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Stocks are usually purchased from a broker who charges % per 
cent, of the par value of the stocks as a commission either for the 
purchase or selling of the stocks. 

EXEKCISE VI 

Prohlem. — Find the cost of 25 shares of U. S. Steel, pf., including 
brokerage at the usual rate. The quarterly dividends are 1% per cent. 
What is the rate of interest per annum on the investment? 

$1081/8 + $% =$108^4, the cost of one share. 
25 X $1081/4 =*2706.25, the cost of the 25 shares. 

4 X $1% =$7, the income of one share for one year. 
$7 -^ $1081/4 =.065, or 6.5 per cent., the rate of interest per annum on 
the investment. 

In the following problems use the quotations given in the pre- 
vious list and consider the par value of one share of stock as $100, 
unless otherwise stated. 

Find the cost of the following, including brokerage at the usual 
rate: 

I. 125 Am. Can. pf 6. 335 Reading (par $50) 
8. 75 D. L. & W. 7. 140 Union Pacific 

3. 150 Louis. & Nash. 8. 35 U. S. Rubber 

4. 20 Pac. T. & T. pf 9. 75 U. S. Smelt., Ref. & M. 

5. 235 Pittsburg Coal. 10. 55 Western Union Tel. 

II. Find the cost of 115 shares of Anaconda Copper. If the 
dividends for the year are $8 per share, what is the rate of interest 
on the investment ? 

12. Find the cost of 50 shares of Wells Fargo Exp. stock. If 
quarterly dividends of II/2 per cent, are declared, what is the 
income on the investment ? What is the rate of interest per annum ? 

13. Which is the better investment. General Motors, pf, with 
annual dividends of 6 per cent., or Great Korthem, pf, with quar- 
terly dividends of 1% per cent.? What is the rate of interest per 
annum on each investment ? 

14. Find the cost of 25 shares of American Ice, pf, with broker- 
age at the usual rate. It pays a quarterly dividend of 1^ per cent. 
What is the rate of interest on the investment ? 

15. A man sold 25 shares of C. R. I. & P. preferred stock, 
paying 314 per cent, semi-annual dividends, and invested the pro- 
ceeds in C. M. & St. P. preferred stock paying 8 per cent, annual 
dividends. Was his income increased or decreased? Allowing for 



HIGHER LIFE 209 

brokerage, T7hat did he receive for the shares that he sold and what 
did he pay for the C. M. & St. P. stock? 

16. A man withdraws from the savings bank, paying 4 per cent, 
interest, enough money to pay for 10 shares of 6 per cent, stock at 
110. What will be the increase in his income ? 

17. Find the cost of 55 shares of United Drug 1st pf. stock. 
What is the rate of interest per annum on the investment if it pays 
87% cents per quarter on each share? 

18. A family that owned 15 shares of U. S. Steel preferred 
stock, paying 1% per cent, dividends, quarterly, invested the divi- 
dends in Building and Loan shares costing $1 per month. How 
many shares could they buy? What was the total profit on the 
investment at the end of 11 years when the shares matured? 

Bonds 

A government, a corporation, or even an individual, wishing 
to borrow money may issue bonds, which are promises to pay the 
amount borrowed at a time specified in the bond with interest 
at a fixed rate payable at stated intervals. Government bonds have 
back of them as security the wealth of the country, while cor- 
poration bonds are usually secured by mortgages on the property of 
the corporation. 

Bonds are issued by the United States to provide funds for 
unusual expenses of the government, to build public waterways and 
public works of all sorts, and to equip the army and navy. Bonds 
are issued by cities, towns and villages to provide for civic improve- 
ments. They are also issued by public utility, railroad, and indus- 
trial corporations. Individuals, wishing to borrow money to pay 
for real estate, give bonds secured by mortgage on the real estate. 

Bonds are known by the names of the government or corpora- 
tion issuing them, the rate of interest they bear, and the date of 
maturity. For example, N. Y. City 4's, 1959, are bonds issued 
by the government of the city of New York, bearing 4 per cent, 
interest, and due in 1969. 

Bonds, being secured by property, are one of the safest means 
of investing money. In buying bonds one should carefully con- 
sider the security back of them and the length of time before they 
mature. Bonds are redeemable at face value at maturity unless 
otherwise specified. Hence in buying bonds the date of maturity is a 
14 



210 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

factor in determining! the per cent, of interest on the investment. 
On January 1, 1916, a man might pay $1100 for a bond for which 
he would receive only $1000 at maturity. If the date of maturity 
was January 1, 1918, and the rate of interest was 5 per cent., then 
the interest on the bond for the two years before maturity was $100 
and was exactly equal to the loss in value of the bond. The rate 
of interest on the investment was practically nil. Banks use bond 
tables to determine the actual rate of interest on an investment in 
bonds, but these tables are too complicated for insertion here. In 
the following problems the rate of interest on the investment will 
be computed without regard to the date of maturity of the bond. 
If the bonds are bought when they are above par then the rate of 
interest computed by this method will be too high ; if bought when 
they are below par, too low. 

In buying bonds accrued interest is usually charged. For exam- 
ple, on April 1, a man wishes to buy a $1000 bond with interest at 
4 per cent., payable semi-annually January 1 and July 1. If the 
bond is quoted at 92, he must pay $920 for the bond itself. The 
accrued interest is the interest on $1000 from January 1 to April 1 
at 4 per cent, or $10. Hence the total cost of the bond on April 1 
is $930. 

Bonds usually have a par value of $1000, although some bonds 
have a par value of $500 or $100. The U. S. Liberty bonds are 
issued in denominations of $50, $100, $500, $1000, $10,000, $50,000, 
and $100,000, in order to attract the small as well as the large inves- 
tor. The market value of bonds is quoted in the newspapers as so 
many dollars on a hundred. For example, a $1000 bond quoted at 72 
would sell at 72 per cent, of $1000 or $720. 

EXEKCISE VII 

Problem. — Find the cost of $3000 Northern Pacific 4's quoted at 79% 
and bought March 12, if the interest datesi are June 1 and Dec. 1. What 
is the annual income on the investment? What is the rate of interest 
per annum on the investment? 

79% per cent, of $3000 = $2385, the cost of the shares without accrued 

interest. 
From! Dec. 1 to March 12 is 3 montlis and 11 days. 
Interest on $3000 at 4 per cent, for 3 mo. 11 days is $33.67. 

$2385 + $33.67 =$2418.67, the total amount paid for the 
bonds. 
4 per cent, of $3000 = $120, the annual income. 
4 per cent. -=- 79 V2 per cent. = .05, or 5 per cent., the rate of interest per 

annum on the investment. 



HIGHER LIFE 211 

In the following problems figure the brokerage at the usual 
rate of % per cent, of the par value of the bonds. Consider the par 
value of a bond as $1000, except in the case of U. S. Liberty bonds 
or when otherwise stated, 

1. Find the cost of $5000 U. S. Liberty 414's quoted at 96.7. 
ll^'liat is the rate of interest per annum on the investment? 

2. Find the cost, including accrued interest, of $15,000 So. 
Pacific Eailroad 4:'s, bought May 23, if the interest dates are July 1 
and January 1, and the bonds are quoted at 78. What is the 
annual income from the investment ? 

3. Find the cost of $7000 Adams Express 4's, including broker- 
age and accrued interest, bought July 12, if the interest dates are 
March 1 and September 1, and the bonds are quoted at 66%. 

4. A man sells 30 shares of 4 per cent. ISTorf. & Wash, preferred 
stock at 77 and buys U. S. Liberty 414's at par. Does he increase 
or decrease his income? 

5. Mabel Little invested in 15 shares in a building and loan 
association in which the shares have a par value of $200. When 
the shares matured she invested in Public Service Corp. 5's which 
were quoted at 80, and she then invested the surplus which remained 
after this investment in TJ. S. Liberty 414's at par. What is the 
income from her bonds? 

6. Mrs. Brown received from the settlem,ent of her husband's 
estate $12,000 which she invested in IST. Y. Central 6's quoted at 
9414. How much did the bonds cost her including brokerage at 
the "usual rate ? What is her annual income from the investment ? 

, 7. Mrs. Jones deposits $200 a 5^ear for 5 years in a savings bank 
which pays 4 per cent, interest annually. She withdraws part of 
these savings and invests them in two mortgages a $400 mortgage 
with interest at 6 per cent, and a $600 mortgage with interest at 
5 per cent. What remains in the bank? What income does she 
receive from her investments ? 

8, How many shares in a building and loan association at $1 
per month per share could Mrs. Jones buy with the income from 
her* investments? 'Vl'Tien the shares matured ($200 matured value 
per share), what would be the total value of her investments ? 

9. A country school teacher found that she could save $150 a 
year. For three years she invested this money in a savings bank, 
which paid 314 per cent, interest annually. Then she decided to 



212 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

buy 4I/2 per cent, bonds of the Federal Farm Loan which were 
well secured by farm mortgages and also had the advantage of 
being issued in small denominations of $25, $50, and $100. How 
much could she invest in bonds? If she continued to invest in 
bonds, what income was she receiving from her investment at the 
end of 5 more years ? 

10. Margaret Jones, age 8, had a legacy of $700 left her in 
April, 1918. This her father invested in 41^^ per cent. Liberty 
Bonds, payable in 1928, which were being issued at that time. 
What was the yearly income on the investment ? What would be the 
total amount of interest received if the bonds were kept until the 
date of maturity? 

11. How many $200-shares in a building and loan association 
in which the dues were $1 per month per share could be purchased 
with the annual interest from these bonds ? 

12. The series in the building and loan association opened 
August 15. If the interest on the bonds was not received until 
September 15, how much would have to be paid for the shares in this 
series at that time to pay for the back dues, together with 6 per 
cent, average interest on the amount of the dues so paid in ? 

13. As the dues in the association amount to $12 a year or 
multiples of $12, there will be a surplus after investing the interest 
from the bonds in the building and loan shares. Will this surplus, 
which can be put in the savings bank, amount to enough to pay the 
dues after the Liberty Bonds mature on March 15, 1928, and the 
interest from them ceases? The $200-shares in the Building and 
Loan Association will mature in 11 years and 6 months after 
August 15, 1918. 

14. What will the principal and interest on Margaret Jones' 
legacy of $700 amount to when the shares in the Building and 
Loan Association mature, if the money invested in the savings bank 
bears 4 per cent, interest compounded annually ? 

Life Insukance 
If a man wishes to be sure that in the event of his death his 
wife or family will have a certain sum of money or a given income 
he may make a contract with an insurance company. The company 
agrees for a consideration specified in the contract to pay this nione}- 
at the death of the man or at some stated time. 



HIGHER LIFE 213 

The consideration which the man pays is called the premium 
and is paid in equal installments, although it may be paid in one 
lump sum. These installments are usually paid annually or semi- 
annually. If the premium is payable weekly or monthly, as is often 
the case with workingmen's insurance, a higher rate is charged. 

The person named in the insurance policy to receive the pay- 
ment upon the death of the insured is called the beneficiary. The 
insurance may be paid to the beneficiary in one lump sum or in 
installments extending over a period of time. 

There are many kinds of policies, but they may be classified in 
four groups : whole life policies, limited payment life policies, endow- 
ment policies, and term policies. 

Whole life policies are those in which the face value of the policy 
is payable at death only. The premiums are payable annually during 
the life of the insured. 

Limited payment life policies are those in which the premiums 
are payable annually for a stated period, at the end of which time the 
policy is paid up for the remainder of the life of the insured. 

Endowment policies provide for the payment of the sum to the 
insured at a fixed date if he is then living. If he dies before that 
time, the sum is paid to the beneficiary at the time of his death. 

In term policies the premiums are payable only during a stated 
term and at the end of that time the insurance ceases. The insurance 
is payable only in the event of the death during that term. These 
policies are often taken out to cover debts or some risk. The 
government insurance of soldiers is of this nature. 

Insurance companies are obliged by state law to set aside a 
certain part of each premium in order to build iip a reserve fund 
from which the death losses and maturing policies are paid. The 
amount to be set aside is computed from data supplied by the U. S. 
mortality tables and depends on the average expectation of ' life. 
These companies are known as legal reserve companies and are 
the only safe ones in which to invest. In all mutual companies the 
insured receives dividends from the earnings of the company, 
which may be used to reduce his annual premium. If payments are 
discontinued, the insured does not lose the total amount of his 
investment. 

The following table shows the annual premium charged for $1000 
of insurance on different kinds of policies and for different ages of 



214 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



the insured by one insurance company. The younger a man is when 
he takes out a policy, the lower is the rate because his expectation 
of life is longer. Policies are usually issued in sums of $1000 or 
multiples of $1000. 



Whole Life and Limited-Payment Life Policies 




Endowment Policies 




Annual 


premiums per SIOOO 






Annual premiums per $1000 












Age 

nearest 
birthday 








Whole 
Life 


10 


15 

Pay- 
ment 
Life 


20 
Pay- 
ment 
Life 


25 
Pay- 
ment 
Life 


Policy payabli 


J in 


Pay- 
ment 
Life 




15 
years 


20 
years 


25 
years 


$14.83 


$36.62 


$27.08 


$22.43 


$19.90 


20 


$57.83 


$41.52 


$32.07 


15.15 


37.20 


27.52 


22.80 


20.23 


21 


57.88 


41.58 


32.14 


15.49 


37.80 


27.97 


23.18 


20.57 


22 


57.94 


41.64 


32.21 


15.85 


38.42 


28.44 


23.57 


20.93 


23 


57.99 


41.71 


32.29 


16.22 


39.07 


28.92 


23.98 


21.30 


24 


58.05 


41.78 


32.38 


16.61 


39.74 


29.43 


24.41 


21.68 


25 


58.12 


41.86 


32.47 


17.03 


40.44 


29.95 


24.85 


22.09 


26 


58.19 


41.94 


32.57 


17.46 


41.16 


30.50 


25.31 


22.51 


27 


58.26 


42.03 


32.68 


17.92 


41.91 


31.06 


25.79 


22.94 


28 


58.34 


42.12 


32.80 


18.40 


42.69 


31.65 


26.29 


23.40 


29 


58.43 


42.23 


32.94 


18.91 


43.50 


32.26 


26.81 


23.88 


30 


58.52 


42.35 


33.08 


19.44 


44.34 


32.89 


27.35 


24.38 


31 


58.62 


42.47 


33.24 


20.01 


45.20 


33.55 


27.91 


24.90 


32 


58.74 


42.61 


33.42 


20.61 


46.11 


34.24 


28.50 


25.45 


33 


58.86 


42.76 


33.62 


21.23 


47.04 


34.95 


29.12 


26.03 


34 


58.99 


32.93 


33.83 


21.90 


48.01 


35.70 


29.76 


26.63 


35 


59.13 


43.12 


34.07 


22.60 


49.02 


36.47 


30.43 


27.27 


36 


59.29 


43.32 


34.34 


23.35 


50.06 


37.28 


31.14 


27.93 


37 


59.47 


43.55 


34.64 


24.13 


51.15 


38.12 


31.88 


28.64 


38 


59.67 


43.81 


34.97 


24.97 


52.27 


38.99 


32.65 


29.38 


39 


59.88 


44.09 


35.34 


25.85 


53.44 


39.91 


33.46 


30.17 


40 


60.13 


44.41 


35.75 



EXEKCISE VIII 

Problem. — Find the annual cost of $5000 of insurance taken out at the 
age of 35 for each one of the following policies: (1) Whole life; (2) 10- 
payment life; and (3) 20-year endowment. If the man dies at the age 
of 50, how much would he have paid into the company on each one of these 
three policies? 

( 1 ) In the column entitled Whole Life Policy, opposite the age oi 
35, we find $21.90, the annual premium for $1000 of insurance. 

5 X $21.90 = $109.50, the annual premium for $5000 
whole life policy. 
50 years — 35 years ::= 15 years, the length of time the policies are 
in force if the man dies at the age of 50. 
15 X $109.50 = $1642.50, the amount paid in 15 years on a 
whole life policy. 



HIGHER LIFE 215 

(2) $48.01 is the annual premium for $1000 ten-payment life policy. 

5 X $48.01 = $240.50, the annual premium for $5000 ten- 
payment life policy. 
10 X 240.50 = 2045, the total amount paid on a ten pay- 
ment life policy. 

(3) $43.12 is the annual premium for $1000 twenty-year endowment 

policy. 

5 X $43.12 = $215.60, the annual premium for $5000 
twenty-year endowment policy. 
15 X 215.60:= 3234, the amovint paid in 15 years on a 
twenty-year endowment policy. 
In the event of his death at the age of 50, it will be seen that the whole 
life policy would be the cheapest of the three. 

If he died at the age of 70, the total payments! would have been aa 
follows : on the whole life policy. $3832.50 ; on the ten-payment life policy, 
$2405; on the twenty-year endowment) policy, $4312. At the age of 55 he 
would have received $5000 on the endowment policy. On the other two policies 
$5000 would be paid to the beneficiary at the death of the insured. 

1. When John James married at the age of 24, he realized that 
he must in some way provide for the support of his wife and family 
in case of his death. So he took out a whole life policy for $10,000 
with his wife as beneficiary. At the age of 65 he died. How much 
had he paid into the company? His wife invested the insurance 
received at his death in bonds paying 4^/2 per cent, interest on the 
investment. What is her annual income from this source ? 

2. Mrs. Burdick was left a widow at the age of 30. She had 
two -children, 2 years and 3 years old. In order to provide for them 
in case of her death, she took out a 15 -year endowment policy for 
$5000, planning to use the money for their education in case she 
lived to receive it. How much did she pay for the insurance, if 
she died at the age of 42 ? How much more did the children 
receive than she had paid into the company? 

3. Mr. Jackson, a glass-blower, realizing that his earning capac- 
ity would be lessened after the age of 50, decided to take out a 
25-payment life policy. If he took it out at the age of 23, how 
much did he pay annually for $3000 of insurance ? If he died at the 
age of 56, how much had he paid into the company? If he had 
invested this money at 4 per cent., compound interest, what would 
it have amounted to at the time of his death ? 

4. The Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor 
in New York City gives $15 a week as the minimum income on 
which a widow and two children can maintain a normal living 



216 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

standard. If the payment of $1000 of insurance to the beneficiary 
is made in installments instead of in one sum, it will provide a 
monthly income of $5.70 for a period of 20 years. What amount 
of insurance would be necessary to provide a widow and her family 
with an income of $15 per week? What would this cost per year if 
the insured were 33 years old when he took out his policy ? 

5. If the widow mentioned in example 5 preferred to receive the 
insurance in one sum instead of in monthly installments and 
invested this sum at the rate of 5 per cent., what would be her 
monthly income from this source ? How much would she have to 
earn per week to keep the family income up to the minimum ? If 
she could earn this amount, of what advantage would it be to her 
to have the insurance in one sum ? 

6. A man wishes to provide an income of $1000 for his family, 
in case of his death. At the age of 35 he insures his life for $8000, 
taking out a whole life policy. One thousand dollars of insurance 
will provide a monthly income of $5.00 or more for his wife during 
her lifetime, the exact amount depending upon her age when he 
dies. He takes out 30 shares in a building and loan association 
in which the shares are $1 per month per share. If he lives until 
after these shares mature, and can invest the amount received from 
them so that it will yield interest at the rate of 6 per cent, per 
annum, what will be the assured income of the family at his death ? 
How much does the man pay per year for his shares and insurance 
during the period of his investment in the building and loan 
association ? 

7. Mary Brown, who is 20 years old, wishes to go to college. 
In order to do this she is obliged to borrow $1000 from her brother, 
expecting to pay it back after she finishes her 4 years' course. In 
order that her debt may be paid in the event of her death she 
takes out an endowment insurance policy for $1000 with her brother 
as beneficiar3\ At the end of 5 years after graduation she succeeds 
in paying her debt but decides to continue her insurance. At what 
age will her payments on the policy end? How much will she 
have paid into the company? What would you advise her to do 
with her insurance money if she is in good health at this time ? If 
Mary had died at the age of 23, how much more would her brother 
have received than she had paid into the company? 



HIGHER LIFE 217 

8. Mr. Jones wishes to provide for setting his son up in business. 
When Fred is 5 years old and Mr. Jones is 34, he takes out a 15-year 
endowment policy for $2000. What does he pay in premiums if he 
lives until Fred is 20 years old? 

9. Mr. Smith decides to provide $2000 for his son Harry, who is 
the same age as Fred Jones, by investing in building and loan shares 
at $1 per month per share. If these shares mature in 11 years and 
7 months, how much does Mr. Smith pay into the association in 
dues ? Which one of the fathers has made the more profitable invest- 
ment? What are the advantages of each kind of investment? 

10. Mr. Johnson, who is 51 years old, is buying a farm on the 
installment plan. Since he wishes to provide for the completion of 
the payments in case of his death, he takes out an insurance policy 
covering the mortgage on the farm which is $3000. The annual 
premium for $1000 is $26.17. If he dies at the age of 55, how 
much has he paid on his policy ? How much more than this does his 
family receive ? 

11. Would you advise a husband to put all his savings into 
insurance? Give reasons for your answer. 

12. If you have no one dependent on you in any way for support 
and no unsecured debts, would you invest in life insurance ? 

13. Under what conditions would you advise an unmarried 
woman to invest in life insurance ? 

. 14. A soldier in the United States Army was encouraged to take 
out government insurance for the period of the war and 5 years there- 
after, paying a gradually increasing premium instead of the usual 
flat rate. During the continuance of the policy the soldier pays 
the premium specified for his age regardless of the age at which he 
first took out the policy. The rates are as follows : 



Age 


Monthly Premiums 


20 


$.64 


21 


.65 


22 


.65 


23 


. .65 


24 


.66 


25 


.66 


26 


.67 



218 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

During the first 4 years of the continuance of his policy, how much 
will a soldier pay in premiums for $5000 of insurance, if he takes 
out the policy when he is 22 years old ? 

15. A soldier 31 years old takes out government insurance, pay- 
ing a monthly premium of 70 cents for the first year, 71 cents for the 
second year, 72 cents for the third year and so on for 5 years. Com- 
pare the cost to the soldier of a $10,000 government policy for 5 
years with the cost to a civilian of a five-year convertible term policy 
in a commercial company at an annual premium of $8.84, if the 
policies are taken out when each of the insured is 31 years old. In the 
government insurance the United States Grovernment assumes the 
burden of the extra losses due to war for which the commercial 
company would have to charge an additional premium. 

16. In case of death the insurance is payable to the beneficiary 
in monthly installments of $5.75 for each $1000 of insurance until 
240 monthly payments have been paid. For how many years will 
the monthly installments continue ? What will be the total amount 
received in installments on a $6000 policy ? 

Annuities 
A person wishing to provide a stated income for life, either for 
himself or for another, may do so by paying to the insurance com- 
pany a certain sum of money. For example, a man at the age 
of 50, desiring an annual income of $1000 for the rest of his life, 
can obtain it by pajdng $13,516.50 to the insurance company. This 
sum of $1000 paid annually by the insurance company is called an 
annuity. The annuity rates for women are higher than the rates 
for men of the same age because the tables of mortality statistics of 
annuitants indicate that women annuitants live longer than men. 

EXEECISB IX 

, 1. At the age of 62 a farmer sold his farm for $8000 and moved 
into town. He invested this money in an annuity. If $1000 will 
buy an annuity of $96.64 at his age, what was his income from this 
source ? 

2. John Little, a bookkeeper, finds at the age of 70 that he 
can no longer continue his work. He has saved $5000. How large 
an annuity can he buy, if $1000 will purchase an annuity of 
$137.97? 



HIGHER LIFE 219 

3. A widower wished to provide an annual income of $650 for 
his daughter who had come home to keep house for him. How much 
would he have to pay if the rate at her age was $1785.65 per $100 
of annuity ? 

4. Mr. Brown has an invalid daughter 25 years old for whom 
he wishes to provide a yearly income of $500. The rate for an 
annuity at her age is $3093.39 per $100. What will Mr. Brown 
have to pay for an annuity which will provide the desired income? 
How much money would he have to invest in bonds paying 6 per 
cent, interest to provide the same income? 

5. Mary O^Donnell, a saleswoman 65 years of age, having sav- 
ings amounting to $10,000, desires to retire from business. How 
much would she have to pay for an $800 a.nnuity if the rate for her 
age is $998.87 per $100. If she invests the remainder of her sav- 
ings in the savings bank, paying 4 per cent, interest, what will be 
her annual income ? 

6. Josephine Cook, a teacher, wishes to retire when she becomes 
60 years old. How much ought she to save in order to provide 
for the cost of a $1200 annuity at that time, if the rate for a woman. 
60 years old is $1174.60 per $100? 

7. Mrs. Allen was left a widow at the age of 65, at which time 
she received $13,000 from her husband's life insurance policies. 
She decided to invest $8000 of it in an annuity and the remainder 
in bonds paying 5 per cent, interest. If $1000 will buy an annuity 
of $100.11, what was her annual income from these investments? 
What is the advantage in not investing it all in an annuity ? 

Buying a Home 

In order to buy a home it is not necessary to pay for it in 
cash. Various methods have been devised to aid those who- wish to 
purchase property. The purchaser may borrow the money if he has 
securities ; he may pay cash for part of the amount and borrow the 
balance on a mortgage on the property purchased ; or he may pay on 
the installment plan. 

In order to borrow money <^ man m.ust have securities at least 
equal in value to the amount of money he wishes to borrow. The 
usual method of borrowing money for the purchase of property is 
by means of a mortgage. According to this method, the purchaser 



220 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

pays a certain per cent, of the value of the property in cash and 
borrows the remainder, offering the property as security. If he 
fails to pay the interest within the specified time the property may 
be sold to pay the debt. 

If the purchaser wishes to borrow an amount greater than 50 
per cent, or 60 per cent, of the value of the property, he may some- 
times secure a second mortgage for part of the balance, but he 
will have to pay a higher rate of interest because in case the prop- 
erty has to be sold to pay the debt, the claims of the person holding 
the first mortgage are satisfied first. 

The borrower can usually arrange to pay off part of the mort- 
gage, if he is able to do so, by making payments of part of the prin- 
cipal in addition to the interest. If he wishes to pay equal install- 
ments at stated intervals, a part of each installment is used to pay 
the interest and the remainder is applied in reducing the principal of 
the loan. This process is called amortization of the mortgage or 
"killing off " the mortgage. Buying on the installment plan is a 
common application of this method. The Federal Government has 
endorsed the method by adopting it in the Federal Farm Loan plan 
for helping farmers to buy their. farms. Eeal estate companies fre- 
quently adopt this method of selling property, but they usually 
charge a high rate of interest. Many large corporations are encour- 
aging their employees to purchase homes on the installment plan at 
a comparatively low rate of interest in order to induce the men 
to remain in their employ. Experiments in cooperative buying are 
being made which indicate that the rate of interest can be kept low if 
the stockholders are not only house-owners but owners and directors 
of the company, sharing in its protection and benefits. 

One of the most successful methods of buying homes on the 
installment plan is the plan adopted by the building and loan asso- 
ciations. The purchaser pays cash for part of the property and 
takes out shares in the association whose face value is equivalent 
to the remainder due. He can then borrow from the association 
to the full amount of his shares and pay for his property, provided 
that he gives the association a mortgage secured by this property. 
For example, a man wishes to borrow $3000 to complete paying 
for a house and lot. He takes out 10 shares in a building associa- 
tion each with a par value of $300, payable at $1 per share per 



HIGHER LIFE 2?1 

month, and borrows from them $2000, giving them a mortgage on 
his property. He then pays interest on this loan and dues in the 
association until the shares mature. At that time his loan will 
be cancelled by the value of his matured shares, and his property wiU 
be free of debt. 

Purchasers should find out the rate of interest they may have 
to pay before incurring debts. They should also reserve the privi- 
lege of reducing their debts either through occasional payments or 
through regular installments. 

THE EELATION BETWEEN INCOME AND THE VALUE OF A HOME 
EXERCISE X 

1. A real estate man when asked how much a family could afford 
to invest in a home responded that the value of the home should 
be not more than twice the annual income. Show that this agrees 
with the budget allowance of 20 per cent, of the income for rent, 
provided 10 per cent, of the value of the property owned is allowed 
for interest on the investment, insurance, repairs, and depreciation. 

2. A family has been paying $24 a month for rent. How expen- 
sive a house can they afford to purchase? 

3. A family has an income of $1800 from the father's salary 
and in addition to this the interest on a $1000 bond at 4i/^ per cent. 
How much can they afford to invest in a home ? 

4. A iamily having a $2000 income wish to purchase a house and 
lot. How much can they afford to invest in this property? They 
plan to buy it on the installment plan, paying $550 a year, which 
is to cover the interest on the loan necessary to purchase the house, 
also the insurance, taxes, and upkeep, the remainder to be applied on 
the principal of the loan. Under what budget headings will you 
classify this expenditure, and how much will you put under 
each heading? 

5. How much can a family having an income of $1500 from the 
father's wages and $200 from the mother's wages afford to invest 
in a home? If they can save $75 a year to invest in the home in 
addition to the budget allowance for rent, what can they afford 
to pay each year to cover all the expenses of shelter and a pajrment on 
the principal? 



222 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

BOEEOWING MONEY TO PAY FOE THE HOME 

The following table shows the amount of the annual payment 
to be made to cover both interest and an installment sufficient to pay 
off the principal of $1000 in the time stated, and at the rate of inter- 
est stated. Thus $139.50 a year will pay off a $1000 loan in 10 
years, if the rate is 5 per cent. ; the payment must be $135.87 if the 
rate is 6 per cent. 

Amortization Table for $1000 Loan, Repayable in Equal 
Yearly Installments ^ 



Term (years) 

10 


5% 
. . . .$129.50 


Amount of Annual 

Payment Including 

Interest at 

sy2% 

$132.67 
99.63 
83.68 
74.55 
68.81 
64.97 
62.32 


6% 

$135.87 

102.96 


15 


96.34 


20 


80.24 


87.18 


25 

30 


70.95 

65.05 


78.23 
72.65 


35 


61.07 


68.97 


40 


58.28 


66.46 



EXEECISE XI 

Problem. — A family bought a house and lot costing $4000 from a real 
estate company. They paid $2000 in cash. For tlie remainder they gave 
a mortgage to the real estate company, reserving the privilege of paying off 
the mortgage in yearly installments. They decided that they could afford 
to pay $150 a year, part of which was to pay the interest on the mortgage 
at 6 per cent, and the remainder to apply on the principal. What remained 
to be paid at the end of 3 years? 

6 per cent, of $2000 = $120, the interest on the principal for the first 
year. 
$150 -$120 = $30, the amount to be applied on reducing the 

principal the first year. 
$2000 -$30 = $1970, the new principal for the second year. 
6 per cent, of $1970 = $118.20, the interest for the second year. 

$150 - $118.20 = $31.80, the amount to be aipplied in reducing the 

principal the second year. 
$1970 -$31.80= $1938.20, the new principal for the third year. 
Similarly the interest and tlie amount to be applied on the principal 
may be found for the third year. The result may be arranged in 
a table as below. 

Annual Interest on Payment on Principal 

Payment Balance Principal Unpaid 

$2000.00 

1st year $150 $120.00 $30.00 $1970.00 

2nd year 150 118.20 31.80 1938.20 

3rd year 150 116.28 33.72 1904.48 

'Farm Loan Primer, p. 10. Circular No. 5. Treasury Department. 
Federal Farm Loan Board. March 1, 1917. 



HIGHER LIFE 223 

Prohlem. — A farmer wishing to purchase a farm joined a Federal 
Farm Loan Association in order that he might get a loan of $3500 from 
a Federal Land Bank. As security for the loan he gave a mortgage bearing 
5% per cent, interest. How much must he pay each year in order to amortize 
the loan in 35 years? What will be the total amount of the interest paid 
during 35 years? If at the end of 5 years he finds he can pay off the 
mortgage, how much would remain to be paid? 

From the amortization table, 

$64.97 is the annual payment required to amortize a $1000 loan at 5% 

per cent, in 35 years. 
$3500 -^ $1000 = 3%, the number of $1000 units in the loan. 

3% X $64.97 ^$227.40, the annual payment. 

35 X $227.40 = $7959, the total of the 35 payments. 

$7959 - $3500 = $4459, the total amount of the interest paid during 35 
years. 

LTsing the method of the preceding problem to find out how much of 
the principal remains to be paid at the end of five years, the following 
results are obtained; 

Annual Interest on Payment on Principal 

Payment Balance Principal Unpaid 

$3500.00 

1st year $227.40 $192.50 $34.90 .$3465.10 

2nd year 227.^0 190.58 36.82 3428.28 

3rd year 227.40 188.56 38.84 3389.44 

4th year 227.40 186.42 40.98 3348.46 

5th year 227.40 184.17 43.23 3305.23 

$3305.23 remain to be paid at the end of the fifth year. 

1. Mr. Jackson's home was burned. It was valued at $4500 and 
insured for 80 per cent, of its value. The building company agreed 
to erect a new house for him valued at $4800. He was to pay in 
cash the amount received from the insurance company and for the 
remainder he was to give the company a mortgage with interest at 
5% per cent. What was the yearly interest on this mortgage ? 

2. If the mortgage was payable in full at the end of 10 years, 
how much did he pay to the building company for the use of the 
money ? 

3. Mrs. Brown buys an 8-room house for $3500. She pays cash 
for 60 per cent, of the cost and gives a mortgage with interest at 
6 per cent, for the remainder, reserving the privilege of paying off 
the mortgage in yearly installments. She allows 20 per cent, of her 
income of $1800 for shelter. Taxes, insurance, repairs, etc. amount 
to $100 a year. Does this leave anything to apply on the principal 
of the loan ? She finds, however, that in addition to this amount 
she can save annually for this purpose 5 per cent, of her income. 
What will she pay for interest during the first three years if she 
reduces the principal each year? 



224 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

4. A man bought a house and lot for which he paid the housing 
company on the following terms : Cash, 20 per cent, of the selling 
price; first mortgage bearing interest at 5 per cent., 50 per cent, 
of the selling price; second mortgage bearing interest at 5I/2 per 
cent., 30 per cent, of the selling price. The second mortgage was 
payable in 10 semiannual installments plus the interest. The cost 
of the house was $4200. How much did he pay the first two years in 
interest and principal? How much do you think that he could 
afford to pay annually on the principal of the first mortgage after 
the second was paid off? 

5. A man bought a house and lot for $5000, paying cash, but 
the house was in poor repair and he had to pay $500 in order to put 
it into, suitable condition for his family. To pay for the repairs 
he was obliged to give a mortgage on the property for $500, bearing 
interest at 6 per cent. He allowed this to run for 20 years. How 
much interest did he pay in that time? If he had paid the loan 
in 20 equal installments at 6 per cent, on the amortization plan, by 
how much would he have reduced the interest ? 

6. A farmer decides to buy a farm- and pay for it according to 
the plan proposed by the Farm Loan Board. He can borrow from 
the bank according to this plan 50 per cent, of the appraised value 
of the land plus 20 per cent, of the value of the insured improve- 
ments. If his land is valued at $15,000 and the improvements at 
$5000, how much can he borrow ? 

7. If the farmer mentioned in example 6 borrows to the full 
amount that he is allowed, and plans to amortize the loan in 35 
years, what will he pay each year ? Show how much of the amount 
paid in the first three years applies on paying off the principal. 

8. A farmer wishing to install on his farm an electric lighting 
plant, borrows $300 from a Federal Land Bank. He mortgages the 
farm according to the farm loan plan. How much interest at 
514 per cent, does he pay on an average each year if he pays off 
the mortgage in ten years? Compare this with a $300 mortgage 
bearing the same rate of interest and with the principal payable at 
the end of 10 years. 

9. A man took out a mortgage on his farm August 31, 1894, 
for $300 at 10 per cent. After 8 years $100 was applied on the 
principal, and the rate of interest was changed to 8 per cent. The 
mortgage was cancelled by his widow December 27, 1917. Compute 



HIGHER LIFE 225 

the amount of interest that had been paid. On the amortization 
plan with interest at 6 per cent., what would have been the total 
amount of interest if they had amortized the principal in 25 years ? 
How much less would they have paid by this plan ? 

10. A farmer found that the expenses connected with obtaining 
a loan of $1200 from a Federal Land Bank were $15 in fees and 
$65 for extra work on the abstract of the title which was required 
by the bank making the loan. Find the total cost of his loan if he 
paid it off in 35 annual installments. 

11. A family wishes to install a water system in their country 
home costing $500, for which a mortgage is taken out on the property 
with interest at 5y2 per cent. How much does the loan cost them 
if they amortize it in 20 years, and if the cost of clearing the title 
together with the other expenses of the loan amounts to $50 ? 

12. Mr. Burdick found that he could purchase an 8-room house 
valued at $3200 on which there was a 6 per cent, mortgage of $1400. 
How much did he pay in cash ? How much would he have to save 
each year to amortize the mortgage in 25 years? 

13. If after 5 years Mr. Burdick finds that he can pay the 
remainder of the principal, how much will he have to pay? (This 
privilege of paying off the loan at any time after five years have 
elapsed is granted according to the federal loan system.) 

EXEKCISE XII 

ProUem.—A man buys a house costing $5000, paying $3000 in cash. 
He horrows the remainder from a building and loan association, giving 
tliem a mortgage with interest at 6 per cent, and takes out $200-shares 
to the amount of his loan. What must he pay each month into the 
association to cover interest on his loan and dues which are $1 per month 
per share? How much does he pay for his loan if the shares mature in 
11 years and 6 months and his loan is cancelled at that time? 

$5000 - $3000 = $2000, the amount of his loan. 
$2000 -f- $200= 10, the number of shares of stock required 
to cover his loan. 
10 X $1 = $10, dues paid per month for 10 shares. 
^2X .06 X $2000 = $10, the interest paid per month on $2000. 
11 years 6 months =: 138 months. 

138 X $20 = $2760, the total amount paid into the association. 
$2760 - $2000 = $760, the cost of the loan. 

15 



226 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

1. John James is a bank clerk earning $30 per week. When 
he married he had saved $700 and his wife had saved $200. They 
invested their savings in a lot costing $300 and a house costing 
$3800. In order that they might borrow an amount sufficient 
to pay for the property they decided to buy shares in a building and 
loan association. In return for the loan the association accepted 
a mortgage on the property bearing interest at 6 per cent. How 
much must they pay into the association each month to pay the 
interest on this debt and to keep up their dues. If the series should 
mature in 11 years and 5 months, how much will they have paid 
for the use of the money? How much must they set aside each 
week? Under what budget heading would you include the interest 
on the mortgage ? The dues in the association ? 

2. A young married couple decide that they would like to 
have a home. Although their income is only $1500 a year, they 
find by careful planning that they can save $10 a month. This 
they invest in 10 shares in the building and loan association with 
the idea that they will purchase a home when the shares mature. 
At the end of 11 years and 4 months when the series matures, they 
buy a house costing $3000 and pay for it in part with the money 
received from the matured shares. In order to pay for the house 
it is necessary for them to borrow the remainder of the money. 
They borrow it at 6 per cent, interest from a building and loan 
association and take out shares in a new series to cover their loan. 
How much do they pay into the association each month if the dues 
are $1 per month ? How much of this is investment ? How would 
you classify the remainder? How much do they pay for the use 
of the money if the series matured in 11 years and 7 months and 
their shares are then used to cancel their loan ? 

3. A workman's cottage was built by a company at a cost of 
$1500. The lot with improvements cost $500. The company 
expects 5 per cent, interest on their investment and they charge 
$25 a year for taxes and improvements. How much must the 
workman pay each year, according to the plan of amortization in 
order to own the property at the end of 30 years? 

4. In order to secure the workman's family against loss, the 
company advises him to insure his life for the value of the property. 



HIGHER LIFE 227 

How much premium will he have to pay for a whole life policy if he 
is 28 years old? (See table on p. 214.) 

5. The workman dies when he is 33 years old. How much 
will his widow receive from the insurance company ? What amount 
will remain after she has paid the balance due on the property? 
What would you advise her to do with this ? 

6. A patternmaker earning $27 a week decides to buy one of the 
houses offered for sale by the company in whose employ he is work- 
ing. The price of the property is $2250, to be paid for in monthly 
installments. For the first 5 years the monthly installment is 
$20.48 ; for the next 7 years, $13.25 ; and for the last 3 years, $6.91. 
In addition to these payments he estimates that he will have to 
pay for insurance, taxes, repairs, etc. 3 per cent, of the value of 
the property. At the end of 15 years, how much will the property 
have cost ? • "WHiat will be his average annual payment ? He could 
rent the same house for $18.88 per month. How much would he 
have paid for rent during the same period ? 

7. In order that his family may not lose the property in case 
of his death, he decides to take out a life insurance policy. How 
much insurance should the patternmaker take out? What will 
be his annual premium, if he is 26 years old ? Forty-five years old ? 
(See table on p. 214.) 

8. If he should die after he had made 8 annual payments on 
his house, how much would remain to be paid ? How much would 
his widow receive from the insurance company? What would you 
advise her to do with the balance after paying for the house ? 

9. James Sullivan, an employee of the Goodyear Rubber Co., 
decides to buy one of the company's houses. The lot costs $75 ; the 
charge for improvements including grading, sewers, water, etc. is 
$165. The cost of the house is $1744. According to the plan, the 
monthly pa}anents for the first 5 years are 1.1 per cent, of the cost; 
for the next 7 years, .65 per cent, of the cost ; and for the last 3 years, 
.4 per cent, of the cost. How much must Mr. Sullivan set aside each 
month to meet these additional obligations? What is the total 
amount paid in 15 years ? A^Hiat is the yearly average ? If his wages 
average $44 per week during this period, what should be the average 
budget allowance for shelter? How much does he invest each year 
in addition to the budget allowance for shelter? 



228 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

BoEROwiNG Monet on Notes 

A person sometimes finds it necessary to borrow money for a 
short period of time. If he has security for the amount he wishes to 
borrow, he can borrow it at a bank. He then makes out a paper 
promising to repay the money on demand or at a specified time. 
This paper is called a promissory note or simply a note. The note 
usually states the rate of interest to be paid, but, if it does not, the 
legal rate is charged. If the interest is paid at the time the loan 
is made the note is said to be discounted, that is, the berrower 
receives the face of the note less the interest. 

Problem. — Mary Smith wishes to borrow $100 for 3 months to pay for 
a typewriter. She gives her note for $100 for 3 months with interest at 
5 per cent. It is discounted at the bank. How much does Mary receive 
on the note? 

Interest on $100 for 3 months at 5 per cent, is $1.25. 

$100 -$1.25 = $98.75, the amount Mary receives on her note. 

The Morris Plan Company is a company that loans small sums 
on notes for the period of 1 year or less. The loans are made on 
the character and earning power of the borrower and must be signed 
by two or more persons who hold themselves responsible for the 
payment of the note in case the maker of the note fails to pay it. 
A charge of $1 is made on each $50 of the loan or part thereof to 
cover the cost of investigation of the person desiring the loan, but 
no fee for this purpose exceeds $5. Interest at the rate of 6 per cent, 
per annum on the face value of the note is charged when the loan is 
made. To repay the loan the borrower is obliged to buy certificates 
of the company on the weekly installment plan equal in value to the 
amount of his loan. When the certificates are completely paid for 
they may be used in paying off the note. 

EXEECISE XIII 

Problem. — Find the cost of a loan of $150 for 1 year made by the 
Morris Plan Company to Thomas Jones. What amount does he receive 
on the note? 

Amount borrowed $150.00 

Less interest at 6 per cent 9.00 

Less investigation charges at $1 per $50. . . . 3.00 

Amount received $138.00 

The cost of the loan is $12. 



HIGHER LIFE 220 

1. In the above problem a loan of $150 for 1 year costs $13. 
What rate of interest did the borrower actually pay ? 

2. A girl borrowed $900 in order to complete her college edu- 
cation, offering her shares in a building and loan association as 
security for her loan. How much must she set aside each month 
to pay the interest on her loan at the rate of .6 per cent, per annum ? 
If she paid her debt at the end of 5 years, how much interest did 
she pay? 

3. A man was out of work for three months because of sickness. 
He was obliged to borrow $130 from the bank in order to pay his 
bills. He gave a note for 6 months with interest at the rate of 
5I/2 per cent, per annum. How much did he receive on the note 
when it was discounted at the bank? 

4. A girl on a farm wished to borrow $75 to start a canning 
business at home. She asked her father to indorse her note and she 
borrowed the money at the bank at 6 per cent, interest for 3 months. 
What did she receive on her note at the bank ? 

5. A young married man iinds it necessary to borrow some 
money to buy the furniture for his home. He borrows $300 
for 1 year from the Morris Plan Company. How much does the 
loan, cost him ? 

6. A piano teacher wishes to buy a piano. She can buy it 
on the installment plan, paying $40 down and $30 a month for 
30 months, or she can buy it for $380 in cash. What would 
you advise her to do, if she can borrow the money at 6 per 
cent, interest? 

7. A school teacher is obliged to have an operation for appendi- 
citis costing $135. To pay for this operation she borrows the 
money at the bank for 10 months, paying 6 per cent, interest 
on the loan. What does she receive on her note when it is dis- 
counted at the bank ? 

8. On March 1st a farmer borrowed $350 in order to buy some 
farm machinery. He gave his note bearing 6 per cent, interest. 
At the end of the first year he paid $150 on his note and the interest. 
At the end of the second year, $100 and interest. What remained 
to be paid at the end of the third year, including the interest ? What 
was the total amount of interest paid ? 



230 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

Health 

Not all of the conditions essential to health can be controlled 
by the individual, but each can contribute in some measure to his 
own health by observing the laws of hygiene. Facts and figures 
with respect to health furnish an indication of the social condition 
of the community. The number of births, deaths, and marriages 
are collected and analyzed with varying degree of accuracy in all 
civilized countries. These vital statistics may be stated in terms of 
percentage, but are usually stated with reference to 1000 persons. 

EXERCISE XIV 

Problem.— Find the 1918 death-rate per thousand in a town of 45,673 
inhabitants where 835 deaths occurred during the year 1918. 

835 -=-45,673 ==.0183 

That is, the death-rate is 18.3 per thousand. 

1. One hundred and twenty-nine deaths occurred in one year in 
a town of 8653. What was the death-rate per 1000 ? What per cent. . 
of the population died? 

2. Typhoid fever, due to impure water, caused 15 of the 95 
deaths in 1917 in a town whose population numbered 3685. What 
was the death-rate per thousand from all causes? The death-rate 
due to typhoid fever? 

3. If the average productive value of a life is $1700, what was the 
loss of productive value in this town due to typhoid fever ? 

4. It has been estimated that 40,000 deaths from pneumonia 
occur every year in the United States. What is the estimated loss 
to the country in productive value? 

5. Through better methods of controlling diphtheria the death- 
rate from that disease in Massachusetts dropped from 13.5 per 
1000 in 1880 to 2.4 per 1000 in 1908. In a community of 75,375 
persons, how great a saving of life has been effected ? How great 
a saving in estimated productive value? (See example 3.) 

6. The death-rate in Massachusetts was 19 per 1000 in 1879, 
and it had dropped to 15 in 1911. In a town whose population is 
43,688, what would the saving of life amount to in one year ? 

7. The death-rate due to accident in the registration area (i.e.. 



HIGHER LIFE 



231 



districts in which vital statistics are recorded) in the United States 
was 6.63 per 1000 in 1880 and 9.79 per 1000 in 1908. At these 
rates how many more deaths from accident would occur in a city 
of 435,690 people in 1908 than in 1880. 

GRAPHIC REPBESENTATION OF HEALTH STATISTICS 

Charts are frequently used in health campaigns to make people 
realize the importance of fresh air, good food, sunshine, and good 
homes. When the facts are shown in nicture form instead of in 
figures they tell the story at a glance. 

EXERCISE XV 

Problem. — Show how the following facts can be made to indicate at 
a glance that it is much safer for a baby to be born in Dunedin, New 
Zealand, than in any other place in the following list. TJie infant death- 
rate in the United States in 1910 was 12.4 per cent, of the infants born 
during that year; in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1910, 28 per cent.; in Dune- 
din, 1907-1912, 6 per cent.; in Vienna, 1910, 17 per cent.; in Berlin, 1910, 
15 per cent.; in Paris, 1910, 12 per cent.; in London, 1910, lOVa P^r cent.; 
in Glasgow, 1910, 14 per cent. 

These statistics are shown graphically in the following chart : 



m 



5t. Petersburg ) 
<3nd Moscow J 

Vienna 
Berlin 

United States 
Paris 

London 

Dunedin, ) 
tiewZe&hnd] 

FiQ. 37. — Infant death rate expressed in per cent, that number of deaths bear to number 

of births. 



10% 



20% 



30% 



232 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

1. Use the following statistics to show by means of a chart that 
conditions are not so favorable to life in the " poorer " districts of a 
city as in the " better " : 

Investigation of Death-rate in York, England 

Poorer section Death-rate, 27.8 per 1000 

Middle section Death-rate, 20.7 per lOOO 

Highest section Death-rate, 13.5 per 1000 

2. Use the following statement from a report to show by a 
graph what an important factor sickness is in causing families 
to require financial aid : In a study of the causes of destitution it 
was found that relief was required in 21 per cent, of the cases 
because of the illness of the family breadwinner, in 18 per cent, of the 
cases because of the illness of some other member of the family. 
Miscellaneous causes accounted for the others. 

3. Show by a chart the relative number of workmen who are 
seeking through membership in organizations such as labor unions, 
industrial benefit funds, etc. to provide against the loss of earning 
capacity caused by sickness. The total number of workmen in the 
United States in 1907 was estimated to be approximately 30,000,000. 

Sickness Insurance for Wage-earners in the United States, 1907. 

Form of Organization Number of Workmen covered 

National unions 375,000 

Local unions 100,000 

Industrial benefit funds 55,000 

Establishment funds 300,000 

Eailroad funds 300,000 

4. Show graphically how relatively small an amount of money 
was spent in the prevention of disease in New York State in 1909 
in comparison with the total expenditures for other purposes. 

Total expenditures $29,396,000 

Expenditures for the State Board of Health. 146,980 

Expenditures for the protection of game, fish, 

and forests 568,595 

5. Show by a chart the need for improving health conditions 
as indicated by the following analysis of the reasons for rejecting 
men from the army: 



HIGHER LIFE 233 

Ajntalysis of Some of the Causes of Rejection of Men from the 
Deafted Abmy Between September 21 and December 7, 1917. 

Cases of physical rejection considered 10,258 

■ Causes of Rejection No. of Cases 

Alcoholism 79 

Physical undevelopment 4,416 

Teeth 871 

Digestive system 82 

Ear 609 

Eye 2,224 

Flat-foot 375 

Heart 602 

Tuberculosis 551 

Under weight 163 

Hespiratory 161 

6. Show graphically by means of two variables that the death- 
rate of infants under one year of age decreases as the father^s 
income increases (see page 25). 

Manchester, N. H., Study of Infant Death-rates. (U. S. Children's 

Bureau ) 

Rate per loco of 
Father's earnings infant mortality 

Under $494 261.1 

$494-$571 172.2 

$572-.$675 186.3 

$676-$883 151.1 

$884-$1091 143.9 

$1092 and over 58.8 

(Let the side of each square to the right of the vertical axis 
represent $100 and let the side of each square above the horizontal 
axis represent a death-rate of 20 per 1000.) 

7. Show graphically by means of two variables that poverty 
with its attendant evils has a definite relation to the chance a baby 
has of surviving the first year of life in Montclair, New Jersey. 
Use the following data of the U. S. Children's Bureau. First 
find an approximate infant mortality rate per 1000 by comparing 
the number of births with the number of deaths. 

Births and Deaths Under 1 Year, According to Total Family Income 

. Deaths under 

Total family income Births i year 

Under $625 95 11 

$625 to $1199 Ill 9 

$1200 and over 128 6 



234 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

8. Show that workmen need to include in their budgets an 
allowance for sickness, and that the average amount of sickness 
varies according to the age of the worker. 

AvEEAGE Length of Illness Among Workers in Leipzig, 1856-1880 

Average number of days 
Age group of illness per year 

15-20 40.9 

20-30 50.2 

30-40 57.4 

40-50 68.6 

50-60 83.3 

60 and over 99.2 

(The side of a square to the right of the vertical axis may be used 
to represent 5 years. The side of a square above the horizontal axis may 
represent 5 days of illness. ) 

9. Show graphically by means of two variables that the efforts 
to stamp out tuberculosis in Massachusetts have met with some 
measure of success. 

Death-rate in Massachusetts from Tuberculosis 

Year Rate peri coo 
1880 29.1 

1890 24.5 

1900 18.0 

1908 15.0 

Health Insueance 
exekcise xvi 

1. There are approximately 30,000,000 wage-earners in the 
United States. It has been estimated that they lose an average of 
9 days each year on account of sickness. If the average wage is 
estimated at $2 per day, and the average cost of medical attention 
$1 per day, what is the total cost of sickness to the wage-earners? 

2. Plans have been proposed for government compulsory health 
insurance for all wage-earners whose wages are less than a specified 
amount. According to one plan, the workman pays 25 cents per 
week, the employer 20 cents, and the government 5 cents. If dis- 
abled on account of sickness or non-industrial accident, the work- 
man receives in addition to medical care, an allowance of $7 per 
week for not more than 26 weeks in one year, and in case of death 



HIGHER LIFE 235 

his family receives a death benefit of $100. How much would 
each workman be obliged to pay each year for health insurance ? 

3. Martin Snyder, a mechanic, earning $20 a week, was out of 
work 4 months on account of typhoid fever. If the government 
health insurance plan were in operation, how much help would he 
receive during this time ? 

4. Since Martin Snyder had no insurance of any kind, how much 
did his sickness cost him in loss of wages, doctor's bill for 10 calls 
at $1.50 per call, and medicine amounting to $2.85? 

5. He might have taken out health insurance in a commercial 
company, paying an annual premium of $15.30 for a weekly indem- 
nity of $7.50 and a death benefit of $200. How much would he 
have received during his disability ? 

6. Thomas Elwell, a bookkeeper on a salary of $90 a month, 
takes Out health and accident insurance paying a premium of 
$11.40 per year for a policy that offers a weekly indemnity of 
$6.25 and a death benefit of $200. He carried this policy for 

5 years and then decided to give it up. Two years later he suffered 
a compound fracture of one of his legs! and was out of work for 

6 months. What was the total cost of his sickness, if the doctor's 
bill was $85, cost of the nurse $18, cost of medicine $6.75? If he 
had continued to carry insurance, what would have been the total 
amount of the premiums for 7 years? The total amount of the 
indemnity he would have received ? 

7. Jane Ewing, an orphan entirely dependent upon her own 
resources, was employed as a stenographer at $75 a month. She 
decided to take out a health and accident insurance policy which 
would yield $200 in the case of death, and a weekly indemnity 
of $7.50 in case of illness. Such a policy costs $12 per year. She 
had appendicitis during the first year and was out of work for three 
weeks. During the fifth year she had scarlet fever and was out 6 
weeks. How much did her insurance cost during the entire period ? 
JIow much did she receive in indemnities from the company? 

Beneficence 

Every individual is responsible to some extent for securing bet- 
ter conditions not only for himself and his family but for the com- 
munity^the state — the world at large. The effort to bring about 



236 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

better living conditions means participation in group activities. 
Books for the whole community may be secured through public 
libraries to which each pays his part in taxes; care for the sick 
may be secured through a hospital supported either by taxation or 
by subscription; relief for those in want may be provided by indi- 
viduals, by organizations, or by public funds. 

No one is too poor to take thought for others and no one is 
so rich that he can live altogether to himself. 

It is obvious that the opportunity for service increases as the 
income increases. Every one who has a larger income than the mini- 
mum amount required for sustaining life should include in his 
budget a definite allowance for service to others. 

EXERCISE XVII 

1. Mr. Miller's annual income is $875. If he is in the habit 
of giving a tithe {i.e., a tenth) to the Lord, according to the Old 
Testament law, how much does he give each month ? 

2. Mary Morrison's salary was $15 a week. She pledged 10 
cents a week to the church, 5 cents to Sunday School. She paid $1 
a year to the National Child Labor Association, $1 a year to the 
Woman's Suffrage League, $5 to Eed Cross, and $2 to the Eelief 
Association. In addition to these pledges, she gave $2 to poor chil- 
dren at Christmas time. How much did she spend during the year 
in beneficence ? Each week ? What per cent, of her income does she 
spend for beneficence ? 

3. The amount needed for a certain church to meet its running 
expenses and to support the various activities of the church is 
$8000. Instead of relying upon voluntary offerings it was decided 
to divide this amount among the members who were self-supporting 
or were heads of families. There were 585 such persons in the 
church. What is each one's share ? 

4. It was proposed that a better plan for raising the $8000 
would be to ask each to give according to his income. The esti- 
mated total income earned by the church members amounted to 
$756,990. If $8000 is to be raised, what would be the amount paid 
per $100 ? How much would a man be expected to give to the church 
if his income is $1394 a year? $2400 a year? $20 a week? $35 
a week? 



HIGHER LIFE 237 

■5. A local committee in charge of raising at least $50,000 for 
the Eed Cross work estimated that incomes in the town amounted 
to approximately $5,000,000. If each person gave 1 per cent, of his 
income, how much could be raised ? The committee estimated that 
40 per cent, of the total income was earned by workers whose incomes 
are less than $1000 and who would probably not be able to give 
more than ,5 per cent, of their incomes. If the others contribute 
1.5 per cent, of their incomes, what will be the total amount 
contributed ? 

6. It was estimated that Detroit would be expected to con- 
tribute $7,000,000 in 1918 for war relief, social service, and general 
charity purposes. Instead of raising the money for each fund 
separately, it was decided to raise it all at one time through one 
central committee and apportion it to the various organizations 
according to the wishes of the givers. The following schedule of 
donations was proposed: 

Under $5000 2 per cent. 

$5,000 to $10,000 3 per cent. 

10,000 to 20,000 4 per cent. 

20,000 to 50,000 5 per cent. 

50,000 to 75,000 6 per cent. 

75,000 to 100,000 8 per cent. 

100,000 to 200,000 10 per cent. 

300,000 and over 15 per cent. 

According to this table how much would a family with an annual 
income of $1200 be expected to give to the Patriotic Fund? 
An annual income of $60,000? Of $25,000? Of $125,000? 
How much would a person be expected to give whose weekly wage 
is $18? $25? $40? 

Education 

The importance of education is indicated by the fact that 
parents are required by law to send their children to school. It 
is not possible to estimate the value of an education either to the 
community or to the individual because there is no satisfactory 
way of measuring mental growth and power. But it is interesting to 
note that increased training frequently results in increased earnings. 

The woman's club in a small town in Tennessee were trying to 
arouse interest in the need to improve their own town. For this 
purpose they used the following poster : 



238 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



EDUCATION INCREASES 
PRODUCTIVE POWER. 

Massachusetts gave her citizens 

7YEAftS' SCHOOLING 

'■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■Hi 

The United States gave her citizens 
4.4 years^ schooling 

Tennessee gave her citizens 3 

years' SCHOOLING 



Massachusetts citizens produced 

PER capita ^260 per year 

Citizens of the United States pro- 
pych) per capita $170 per year 

Tennessee citizens PRODUCED 
per capita ?ii6 per year 



IT PAYS THE STATE 
TO EDUCATE 

Fig. 38. — Education increases productive power.'' 

^ Money Value of an Education. Bulletin No. 22, 1917. Department of 
the Interior. A. Caswell Ellis. 



HIGHER LIFE 239 

EXEECISE XVIII 

1. Devise a poster to be used in a campaign for increased trade 
and technical education in your town, using the figures in the fol- 
lowing table: 

The Value of an Education to Factoey Workers 

Average annual earnings of men employed in several factories classified 
according to the education of the worker. 

Technical school graduate (at 32) ; . $2150 

Trade school graduate (at 25) 1200 

Shop apprentice (at 16 ) • 510 

2. Make a chart for the purpose of showing the desirability 
of keeping children longer in school. Use the figures in the fol- 
lowing table : 

The average earnings of children who left the Brooklyn schools 
at 14 and of those who left at 18 are given for the period of 7 years. 

Number of Weekly wages Weekly wages 

years after of children of children 

leaving who left school who left school 

school at 14 at 18 

1 $4.00 — 

2 4.50 — 

3 5.00 — 

4. . 6.00 — 

5 7.00 $10 

6 9.50 15 

7 12.75 31 

3. The average total wages received by a typical boy in each 
of the two groups by the time he was 25 years old was $5112.50 
and $7337.50 respectively. What is the difference between the 
two totals? 

4. The following table gives the average wages received by young 
men before entering the Baron de Hirsch School and when they 
leave after 5% months' training. Find the per cent, of increase 
in wages for each trade and make a chart to illustrate the results : 

Average weekly wage Average weekly wage 
Trade before entering after leaving 

All trades $6.00 $7.28 

Machinists 6.66 8.96 

Carpenters 6.14 9.01 

Electricians 5.76 7.12 



240 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

5. Tony's father was dead and his mother was earning $8 a week 
as a laundress. There were three younger children. Since Tony 
was 14 he planned to leave school to go to work as a messenger 
boy at $6 a week, a job which oflEered him no opportunity for 
advancement. A scholarship committee offered to lend him $5 a 
week without interest to be paid his mother while he went to trade 
school for 2 years. At the end of two years he took a job at $12.50 
a week with promise of a raise of $3 every 3 months for a year. 
How much money did he borrow? How much did he earn during 
the first year at work? How would you advise him to repay the 
loan? 

6. A girl 17 years old wished to become a trained nurse. She 
could not enter the hospital training course until she was 20, and so 
she decided to go to work in order to pay in part for her education. 
The only charge for the nurses' course was $50 in tuition for the 
first year in addition to the cost of uniforms during the probationary 
period, estimated at $25. She estimated that her personal expenses 
during the time of training would average $10 per month, and that 
she would need to allow $25 each year for her month's vacation. 
How much did she need in order to carry out her plan for a three 
years' course of training? If she saved $75 by the time she was 20 
years old, how much did she have to borrow to pay for her training ? 
If she took out a 20-year endowment policy for $1000 to provide 
for the payment of her debt in case she should die, what was the 
annual premium ? If her average weekly wage for the three years 
previous to training was $11.35 and her average annual wage for 
the first 3 years after training was $914, how much did she gain 
a year by her additional training ? 

7. How much would it cost to keep a girl in high school from 
the time she is 14 until she is 18 years of age? Estimate the cost 
of board and room in her own home, the cost of clothes, car fare, 
class dues, books, stationery, and incidentals. Include the loss of 
wages at $5 a week which she might earn during the first year, 
$6.50 the second year, and $8.50 the third and fourth years. 

8. Estimate the cost of your own education in the last 2 years. 
Include car fare, lunches, books, laboratory fees, stationery, tuition, 
and the approximate value of your board and room. If you go to 
public school include the estimated cost per pupil. (In Schenectady, 
ISr. Y., the cost per pupil in 1914 was' $49.18, and in 1915 it was 
$60.62.) 



HIGHER LIFE 241 

9. The O'Briens are determined to have their children — James, 
aged 8, and Anne, aged 6^go to college as soon as they are old 
enough. It will cost $580 a year apiece for 4 years. What amount 
must be laid aside for this purpose. If Mr. O'Brien decides to save 
the money by investing in Building and Loan shares, how many 
$300-shares at $1 per month must he buy ? If, on the other hand, 
he decides to invest the savings for this purpose in the savings bank 
paying 4 per cent, compound interest, how much must they save each 
year in order to have the necessary amount at the end of 12 years? 

10. The estimates for the cost of a year in the College of Prac- 
tical Arts, Teachers College, Columbia University, are as follows: 

Low Medium 

Items estimate estimate 

E-oom, board, laundry $151.25 $327.00 

College fees 100.00 277.00 

Courses, books, supplies .58 3.50 

Clubs 50 1.50 

Social 2.00 8.60 

Recreation 5.00 24.00 

Car fare 2.25 9.85 

Postage 2.48 8.65 

Gifts, religious offerings 3.00 30.15 

Health 07 8.25 

Personal 50 4.48 

Miscellaneous 2.00 14.90 

Clothing 57.20 195.13 

Make a budget for a girl in your own school who is going to 
Teachers College with an. allowance of $725 a year including travel- 
ling expenses to New York. Make a similar budget for a girl w'ho 
can spend $600. Make a clothing budget for each of these girls. 

Eeckeation 

All work and no play 
Makes Jack a dull boy. 
All play and no work 
Makes Jack a ragged shirt. 

Play cannot be left out of any plan for right living. Play 
or recreation varies with the age and taste of the individual. What 
is work for one is play for another. Some kinds of recreation are 
costly, some may be had for nothing. But the daily schedule must 
allow free time for recreation, and the family income is not adequate 
if there is not enough money to provide at least a small expenditure 
for pleasure. 
16 



242 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



Eecreation adds a zest to life. It keeps mind and body alert and 

vigorous. The boy who does not play is father to the man who 
loafs. 

The following table gives the cost and approximate life of the 

equipment needed for various sports. The prices are subject to 
variation, and should not be used unless current local prices are 
not available : 

Equipment for Sports 

TENNIS 

Equipment Cost Life of equipment 

Eacket $3.00 to $5.00 Several years witli car« 

Balls 35 to .55 One season 

Net 3.50 to 7.50 Several years 

Portable marking tapes . . 5.00 to 8.00 Several years 

GOLF 
Clubs (necessary) : 

1 putter $2.00 to $3.50 Years with care 

1 mashie 2.00 to 3.50 Years with care 

1 brassie driver 2.00 to 5.00 Years with care 

Bag 1.35 to 12.00 Years with care 

Balls 35 to 1.00 One season or so 

BASEBALL 

Bat $.50 to $1.50 Several seasons 

Ball 

Indoor (playground) .. 1.50 One or two seasons 

Outdoors 25 to 1.50 One or two seasons 

Mit and gloves 50 to 5.00 Several seasons 

VOLLEY-BALL 

Ball $3.50 to $6.00 Several seasons 

Net 2.25 Indefinite' 

Standard posts 18.00 

CROQUET 

In sets of 4 to 8. $3.50 to 6.50 Indefinite 



SWIMMING 

Suits (without skirts) . .$1.75 to $5.25 

Suits (with skirts) 2.25 to 7.00 

Diving cap 25 to .75 

BOATING 

Canoes $40.00 up 

Paddles 1.50 up 

Rowboats 30.00 up 

Oars 2.00 up 



Several seasons 
Several seasons 
One season 



Indefinite 
Indefinite 
Indefinite 
Indefinite 



HIGHER LIFE 



243 



FIELD HOCKEY 
Equipment Cost Life of equipment 

Sticks $2.50 to $3.50 Indefinite 

Balls 1.00 to 2.50 Indefinite 

Field hockey goals can be made at home at nominal cost 

Shin guards 1.00 a pair (not necessary) 

. HIKING 

Packs $1.00 up Indefinite 

Cooking utensils : 

Frying pan 15 up Indefinite 

Drinking cup 10 up Indefinite 

Knife and fork 10 up Indefinite 

BASKET-BALL 

Basket-ball $6.00 to $8.50 Several seasons 

Basket-ball goals, pair. . . . 5.00 to 7.50 Indefinite 

(including nets) 

SKATING 

Skates $2.50 up Indefinite 

Skates, on shoes 5.00 up Indefinite 

ROLLER SKATING 

Skates $2.50 to $5.00 Indefinite 

ICE HOCKEY 

Hockey sticks $.50 up Indefinite 

Pucks 50 up Indefinite 

SNOWSHOEING 

Snowshoes $7.00 up Indefinite 

SKIING 
Skiis $1.75 up Indefinite 

EXEECISE XIX 



1. Assuming that there is opportunity for organizing sports 
either in public parks, playgrounds, or on unused land, estimate 
the total cost of the equipment for a group of 10 girls who wish 
to play tennis. 

2. A high school girl plans to play tennis, to swim, to play field 
hockey, and to skate for the 4 years she is in school. What is the 
minimum cost of her equipment, omitting the cost of such apparatus 
as goal posts, tennis nets, etc. ? What is the cost per year ? 



244 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



3. What would it cost to buy the necessary equipment for golf? 
A girl plays golf on an average of once a week for 8 months of the 
year. She breaks her brassie driver and has to replace it. She 
uses 1 dozen balls. What is the cost of her equpiment ? If she plays 














Fig. 39.--Camp-fire grate.* 



golf four years, 3 afternoons a week for 7 months of each year, and 
if she buys 1 dozen balls each year, what is the average cost of her 
equipment per afternoon? 

4. A neighborhood club is organized for outdoor sports. They 

* From the Report of the Board of Park Commissioners of Minne- 
apolis, 1917. 



HIGHER LIFE 245 

decide to purchase during the first 5 years, a croquet set, a tennis 
net, a volley ball, a net, and a set of standards for volley ball, field 
hockey goals, 2 basket balls and a set of goals. What is the total 
cost of the equipment? If an outlay of $3 per year will keep the 
equipment in repair for 5 years, what is the average annual budget 
for equipment? 

5. Make a plan for outdoor sports for each season of the year 
for a club of girls in your community. Estimate the cost of the 
equipment that would be owned by the club, and the cost of the 
equipment that each girl would need to buy for her own use. 

6. Make a clothing and recreation budget for one year for a 
girl who is going away to school where she will have opportunity 
to participate in tennis, swimming, field hockey, basket ball, hiking, 
baseball, and skating. Her allowance for clothing and for recreation 
is $30 per month. 

7. It was estimated that in Southern mill-towns in 1910 an 
income of $126.84 was required to keep a boy of 16 or 17 years 
supplied with the essentials for living. Of this amount $7.80 was 
allowed for recreation. What per cent, is this of the total amount? 
Make a budget showing how you would advise spending this allow- 
ance for recreation.^ 

8. According to the same study, a family consisting of 4 
persons could subsist on the following allowance : Father, $146.82 ; 
mother, $117.; girl of 16 or 17, $140.40; boy 16 or 17, $126.84. 
What was the total family budget? If $7.80 was allowed each for 
recreation, what per cent, of the family income was allowed for 
recreation ? Make a budget showing how you would advise spending 
the family allowance for recreation.'^ 

9. A girl whose monthly allowance was $2.50 made the following 
expenditures : Gum, 10 cents ; movies,- 70 cents ; sundaes, 45 cents, 
Saturday Evening Post, 5 cents; dance, 50 cents; and candy, 15 
cents. What per cent, of her allowance did she spend for recreation ? 
Criticize the items with reference to their recreational value. Make 
out an itemized list of the expenditures you would make if you had 
$2.50 a month to spend for recreation. 

10. If a high school girl spends 5% hours in school, 9 hours 
sleeping, 21/^ hours at meals, 3 hours studying, 1 hour with helping 

^ Fincmcing the Wage-Earner's Family. Scott Nearing. B. W. Huebsch, 
N. Y. 



246 



HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 



with the house work, 1 hour going to and from school, how much 
time remains for recreation? What per cent, of her time is spent 
in recreation ? 

11. A play census of the children in Cleveland was taken June 
23, 1913. The results were as follows: 

What 14,673 Cleveland Childeen Were Doing on 
June 33, 1913 « 



Boys 


Girls 


5,241 


2,558 


1,583 
686 


1,998 
197 


997 


872 


413 


138 


3,737 

4,601 

719 


2,234 

2,757 

635 


1,448 
482 


190 

49 


241 


230 


100 


53 


68 


257 


89 


193 


14 


130 


53 


191 


89 


24 


79 


13 


19 


41 


17 


35 


18 


29 


13 


14 


6 





2 





1,863 


1,308 



Total 



A . Where they On streets 

were seen In yards 

In vacant lots 

In playgrounds 

In alleys 

B. What they Doing nothing 

were doing Playing 

Working 

C. What games Baseball 

they were Kites 

playing. Sand piles 

Tag 

Jackstones 

Dolls 

Sewing 

Housekeeping 

Horse and wagon 

Bicycle riding 

Minding baby 

Reading 

Roller skating . . 

Gardening 

Caddy 

Marbles 

Playing in other ways, mostly just 
fooling 



7,799 
3,581 

883 
1,869 

551 

5,961 
7,358 
1,354 

1,638 

531 

471 

153 

325 

282 

144 

244 

113 

92 

60 

52 

47 

27 

6 

2 

3,171 



Eepresent Graphically : 

A. The relative number of children found in the various kinds 

of places. 

B. The relative number of children engaged in the specified 

activities. 

C. The relative popularity of the types of play observed. 

° Education Through Recreation. George E. Johnson. Cleveland Founda- 
tion Survey Committee, Russell Sage Foundation, New York. 



HIGHER LIFE 247 

12. An investigation in 14 cities shows that of 33,133 children, 
45 per cent, were loafing outside- of school because, as they said, 
there was " nothing to do." How many children in these cities 
were not gaining the benefit of play ? 

13. In these same cities, 43 per cent, of the children were in the 
streets and alleys, 34 per cent, in private yards, 7 per cent, in vacant 
lots, and 4 per cent, in public playgrounds ; the others were unac- 
counted for. Find the number of children in each place. 

14. Of 33,765 children in schools of different neighborhoods in 
Milwaukee, C .eveland, Kansas City, Detroit, Providence and other 
cities, 53 per cent, were " doing nothing " outside of school hours. 
How many children in these cities were acquiring the habit of 
loafing ? 

15. In Galesburg, a city of 35,000, it is estimated that not count- 
ing Saturday afternoons, Sundays and holidays, and not considering 
the enormous amount of free time of women and children, the 
average citizen enjoys 5 hours of free time each day. If this is 
true, how many hours are available for recreation for all the citizens 
per day ? Per week ? Per year ? Suggest ways in which the city 
might provide for the utilization of this leisure time in wholesome 
recr-eation. If each person spent on an average of one cent per hour 
for recreation, how much money would be spent on recreation in 
Galesburg per day? Per year? 

16. Make out a daily time schedule for yourself. A weekly time 
schedule. 

17. The expenditures made in one year by the Minneapolis Board 
of Park Commissioners for repairs and maintenance of the park 
and recreation facilities having direct relation to recreation was 
as follows: 

Recreation $22,806 

Music 15,612 

Flowers 7,761 

Winter sports 15,898 

Picking up refuse • • 2,844 

Trees and shrubs 9,641 

Lawn 20,676 

Illustrate graphically the relative amount spent for each of these 
items. 



'24S HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

18. It is estimated that the total annual amount of money spent 
in Minneapolis for commercial recreation is $600,000. The popu- 
lation is estimated to be about 400,000. What is the average amount 
of expenditure per capita? 

19. In the city of Minneapolis in 1918 the cost of repairs and 
maintenance for the city parks and recreational facilities, including 
school playgrounds, public parks, baths and public playgrounds was 
$322,000. If the population was about 400,000, what was the outlay 
per capita ? 

20. Find the average outlay per capita allowed in the recreation 
budgets in each of the following cities, and illustrate the results 
graphically : 

City Population Budget 

Milwaukee 428,002 $103,000.00 

St. Paul 241,999 8,825.00 

Philadelphia 1,683,664 138,745.46 

Oakland 190,803 132,302.94 

Detroit 554,717 299,355.00 

Grand Rapids, Mich 125,759 8,341.50 

Fort Worth, Texas 99,528 21,892.00 

Williamstown, Mass 3,981 3,524.53 

21. Boating on two of the Minneapolis lakes cost the Park 
Commission $9467 for operation and repairs. The revenue from 
rentals for row-boats, sail-boats, canoes, launches, fish polesi, and 
bait was $13,613. Find the net revenue to the city. 

22. The cost of operating the public bath houses in Minneapolis 
for one season was $13,660. The total attendance was 243,330. 
What was the average cost per capita ? 

23. If the total receipts for bathing amounted to $13,566, what 
was the amount contributed from the city funds? 

24. The total tax rate in Minneapolis for 1919 was 45.91 mills. 
The rate for parks and playgrounds was 1.48 mills. If property 
was assessed at approximately $224,000,000, what was the total 
amount raised for all expenses, and the amount raised for parks 
and recreation? 

25. The distribution of each dollar of the money raised by 
taxation in Minneapolis for the various objects of expenditure is 
stated in the following table. Represent graphically the relation 
between the amount spent for recreation and for the other items: 



HIGHER LIFE 249 

Purpose Cents 

Fire Department 4.7 

Health Department • • 4 

Police Department 3.1 

Street lighting 2.0 

Garbage collection and distribution 6 

Current expenses 3.6 

Board of Charities and Correction 5.7 

Cleaning streets 4.1 

Playgrounds and museums 3.2 

Library 2.0 

Pensions and miscellaneous 1.8 

Board of Education 27.7 

State and County taxes • • 19.3 

Investment, interest, etc 21.8 

26. The number of persons in a city per acre of park space is 
stated in the following table. Find the part of an acre available for 
recreation per person in each of these cities, and illustrate 
graphically : ^ 

Population per acre of parks and 
Cities grounds in and outside city limit 

Chicago, 111 J 627 

Boston, Mass 203 

Buffalo, N. Y 467 

Cleveland, Ohio 302 

Detroit, Mich 549 

San Francisco, Cal 217 

Minneapolis, Minn 116 

Denver, Col 68 

Knoxville, Tenn 7641 

Passaic, N. J 659 

Dayton, Ohio 1391 

Milwaukee, Wis 436 

Portland, Ore 243 

27. From the following table find the average population per 
acre in each of the cities and show by means of a graph the relative 
density of the population. What bearing has this upon the oppor- 
tunity for recreation? 

Population and the Abea of Certain American Cities * 

Cities Population Acres 

New York, N. Y 5,468,190 183,555 

Chicago, 111 2,447,845 125,717 

Los Angeles, Cal 489,589 184,457 

Newark, N. J 399,000 14,858 

Jersey City, N. J 299,615 8,320 

Portland, Oregon 292,278 37,555 

Augusta, Me 49,848 6,196 

Lincoln, Neb 45,900 4,988 

'' General Statistics for Cities, 1916. U. S. Census. 



250 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

^8. The amounts spent for public recreation in the five largest 
cities in this country are given in the following table. What is the 
average expenditure per capita ? Eepresent the per capita expendi- 
ture graphically : 

Population 
City City expenditures in 1915 

New York $6,148,144.00 5,468,190 

Chicago 3,879,734.00 2,447,845 

Philadelphia 2,446,201.00 1,683,664 

St. Louis 848,940.00 749,183 

Boston 1,667,466.00 746,084 

89. During the war several cities undertook to carry on recrea- 
tional activities financed by contributions. After the signing of 
the armistice it was proposed to transfer the support of these activi- 
ties to the city. In one city the estimated budget for recreation 
was $8975. If the property was assessed at $5,380,000, find the 
amount by which the tax rate would have to be increased to meet 
this new item. 

30. What tax should be levied to raise a budget of $32,500 for 
recreation, if the property is assessed at $463,000,000? 

31. What would be the tax rate on an assessed valuation of 
$44,800,000 ? 

32. What is the population of your own community ? The area ? 
The area of park space ? The tax rate ? The tax rate for recrea- 
tion ? The assessed valuation of the taxable property ? 

33. From the data in the preceding problem, find (a) the num- 
ber of persons per acre in your community; (h) the part of an acre 
of park space per person; (c) the total amount of the tax levy; 
(d) the total amount of the tax levy for park maintenance and 
public recreation. 

34. Illustrate graphically the comparison between your com- 
munity and the cities in the preceding tables with reference to one 
or more of the above items, 



APPENDIX 



APPENDIX 

SUPPLEMENTAEY WOKK IN EQUATIONS AND PROPORTION 
EQUATIONS 

Tlie Use of cb Letter to Represent w Number in Solving Prohlems 

In the solution of problems it is often convenient to use a 
letter to represent a number. Thus, if d were used to repre- 
sent a dozen, or 12 units, 3d would represent 3 X 12 or 36 units. 
The statement that three dozens is equal to 36 units can be expressed 
as follows : 3 X d = 36, or briefly, 3d = 36. 

It is clear that there is a gain in brevity. But that is not all. 
Suppose that the value of the number represented by the letter 
m is not known, but the fact is known that 8 times the number 
represented by m equals 128. This may be stated 

8m = 128 

It is evident that m = % of 128 or 16. 

Proof: 8 X 16 = 128 

A mathematical statement that two quantities are equal is called 
an equation. Thus 8 X 16 == 128 is an equation. When letters 
are used to represent numbers, this equation would be stated as 
follows: 8 X w = 128, or more briefly 8m = 128. 

The quantity on the left side of the equality sign is called the 
left-hand member, that on the right is called the right-hand mem- 
ber of the equation. 

An equation is like a balance. Scales balance when the weights 
on the two arms are exactly equal. The scales will still balance if 
we add the same weights to both sides, subtract the same weights 
from both sides, double, treble, etc., the weights on both sides, halve, 
trisect, quarter, etc., the weights on both sides. 

Stated mathematically, the operations that can be performed 
on an equation without changing the balance, are given in the fol- 
lowing axioms : 

253 



254 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

(a) Equals may be added to both members of an equation with- 
out destroying the equality. 

(h) Equals may be subtracted from both members of an equation 
without destroying the equality. 

(c) Both sides of an equation may be multiplied by the same 
number without destroying the equality. 

(d) Both sides of an equation may be divided by the same num- 
ber without destroying the equality. 

EXEECISE I 
Problem. — Seven times a certain number is 63. Find the number. 

Let X ^=- the required number. 
. Then 7a!=63. 

Divide both members of the equation by 7. 

Then a; = 9, the required number. 
Proof: 7 X 9 = 63. 

Find the value of the number represented by the letter in each 
of the following equations, and prove your answer : 



1. Ix = 42 


6. 


118 = 4:n 


2. \\n = 198 


7. 


73= 7a; 


3. 492 = 4y 


8. 


114 = 2a; 


4. 16a; = 80 


9. 


29a; = 597 


5. 15a; = 75 


10. 

EXERCISE II 


3a; = 2 


Problem: Solve for n 






n 5 
6 2 






Multiplying both members by 12, the lowest 
denominators and canceling, 


common multiple of. the 


2n 6 
12« 5 12 






6 ~2 ' 






2 n=30 
«=: 15. Ans. 






5 

Proof: 15 = 1 
6 2 
2 






5 5 
2 ~ 2 







lU 


n 


3 


6 


3 


X 


10 


20 


5 


n 


6 


12 


4 


n 


3 


6 



APPENDIX 255 

Find the value of the number represented by the letter in each 
of the following equations, and prove your answer : . 

1. 10 « 5. ^ ^ n 

14 7 

^' — = 3 (Multiply by n) 
n 

Z. 5 n 7. 128 

4 

n 

8. 7^ 112 

n 

Ratio and Pkopoetion 

The relation between two numbers found by dividing one by 
the other is called the ratio between the numbers. Thus the ratio 
between 6 and 8 found by division is 6 -=- 8 or % ; that is, the 
ratio between 6 and 8 is %. The ratio between 6 and 8 may be 
written in either of two ways : 3:4 (read 3 divided by 4), or %. 

The statement of the equality of two ratios is a proportion.^ 
Thus, the ratios |-and ^^ are equal and the statement |- = y2 (^^ 
as it is commonly written 5 : 6 .: : 10 : 13) is a proportion. The 
fractional form is more convenient for computation. 

There are four terms in a proportion. The first and third 
terms are the numerators of the fractions; the second and fourth 
terms are the denominators. The first and last terms (5 and 12) 
are called the extremes; the second and third (6 and 10) are 
called the means. 

In a proportion the product of the means is equal to the 
product of the extremes. 

EXEKCISE III 

Prohlem. — Find the value of the term represented by a letter in the 
proportion 

8 ^ 12 
10 X 

Multiplying both members of the equation by lOa?, 

8a; = 120 
Dividing both members of the equation by 8, 

a; = 15. 
Proof: 

8_^ 12 

10 15 

± = i 
5 5 

^The fractional form of the proportion is used throughout the text. 
The other is given because of its importance in the history of mathematics. 



256 HOUSEHOLD ABITHMETIC 

Find the value of the term represented by a letter in each of the 
following proportions: 

'• 1 = 15 5. 7:9:: 21 :» 

6 X 

2. 8^ ^ 40 6- A — A 

9 ~ * 11 " T 

3. 18 ^ 14 7. 3.5 _ .013 
27 K 7 ~ X 

4. 16 ^ 8_ 8. 3 _ 7.1 

10 X 48.3 ~ X 

EXERCISE IV 

Problem. — If 8 yards of silk cost $12, how much will 13 yards cost at 
the same rate? 

8 yards 12 dollars 

13 yards x dollars 

That IS rrri = — 
13 X 

8a;=156 

a; = $19,50. 
That is, 13 yards of silk cost $19.50. 

Rules for Forming a Proportion 

(a) The two terms of each ratio must be like quantities, e.g., in 
the illustrative problem, each term of •ihe first ratio is a number of 
yards, of the second, a number of dollars. 

(h) The two numerators and the two denominators must be cor- 
responding quantities; that is, the value of one numerator must 
depend upon the value of the other numerator. For example, in the 
illustrative problem, the value of the second numerator, $12, depends 
upon the number of yards purchased, or 8 yards, and the value of the 
second denominator, x dollars, depends upon the number of yards 
purchased, or 13 yards. 

Solve the Following Problems hy Proportion 

1. If 5 yards of velvet cost $24.35, find the cost of 3 yards. 

2. If 3 lbs. of dried beef cost $1.35, how many pounds can be 
bought for $1 ? 

3. A man at moderately active work, who weighs 154 pounds, 
requires 3400 Calories (heat units) of food per day. At this 



APPENDIX 257 

rate, how many Calories would be required by a man who weighs 
185 pounds? 

4. If eggs cost 45 cents a dozen, find the cost of eggs for a 
family which uses 5 for breakfast ? 

5. New potatoes cost 45 cents per 4 quarts. At this rate, find the 
cost per peck. 

6. After the cream has been removed from a quart of whole 
milk, .9 of a quart of skimmed-niilk is left. If this amount of 
skimmed-milk is worth $.064, what is it worth per quart ? 

7. On an annual income of $1800, $350 is set aside for rent. 
At the same rate, how much should be set aside from an income 
of $2100? 

8. In a drawing, the lines representing the length and width 
of a room are ly^" and 1" respectively. If the room is 38 feet long, 
how wide is it ? 

9. Four girls went to different stores and bought 5 cents worth 
of 40-cent butter, weighed the amounts on the scales at school and 
found that they had been given 1^ oz., 11^4 oz., 1% oz., and 
214 oz., respectively. In each case, find the cost of a pound at the 
same rate. Why should the grocer charge a higher rate for small 
quantities ? 



17 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



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262 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC 

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tan Life Insurance, New York, 1916. 

The Standard of Living Among the Industrial People of America. Frank 
Hatch Streightoff. Houghton Mifflin Company, Riverside Press, Cam- 
bridge, Mass, 1911. 

Standard of Living in New York City. R. C. Chapin. Russell Sage Foun- 
dation, New York, 

Student's Accounts. Edith C. Fleming. Department of Home Economics, 
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 

Successful Canning and Preserving. O. Powell. J. B. Lippincott Company, 
Philadelphia. 

A Survey of Your Household Finances. Technical Education Bulletin No. 
26. Benjamin R. Andrews. Teachers College, New York City. 

TaUes of Interest. 0. M. Beach. E. J. Hall Publishing Co., 10 Cedar 
Street, New York. 

A Textbook of Cooking. Carlotta C. Greer. AUyn & Bacon, New York. 

Textiles. Mary Schenck Woolman and Ellen Beers McGowan. The Mac- 
millan Company, New York. 

Thrift by Household Accounting. American Home Economics Association, 
Baltimore, Md. 

Vital and Monetary Losses Due to . Pre'ventable Deaths. C. H. Forsyth. 
Dissertation for Ph.D., University of Michigan. 

Vocational Mathematics for Girls. William H. Dooley. D. C. Heath & 
Company, Boston. 

Wage Earners' Budgets. Louise Boland More. Henry Holt and Co., New 
York. 

Wealth and Income of the People of the United States. Wilfred I. King. 
The Macmillan Company, New York. 

Wisconsin Income Tax Law with Explanatory Notes. Dec, 1917. Wiscon- 
son Income Tax Commission, Madison, Wisconsin. 



INDEX 



Accounts, 

chapter on, 30^, classified, see 
Journal-ledger accounts 

personal, 39-42 

summary sheet of, 36-39 

see Cash accounts 
Advancement, 

see Higher life 
Amortization, 220, 222-225, 226 
Annuities, 218^ 
Apron, 96 
Ash constituents of foods, 

table of, 163 

table of percentage of,infoods, 175^ 

see also Minerals 

Barley, 

fuel value of, 138 
Bedding, 63-71 

depreciation in value of, 62, 71 

length of sheets and pillow cases, 64- 
65 

ready-made versus home-made, 63- 
68 

sales of, 63, 67 
Beneficence, 235^ 

definition of, in budget, 193 

plans for raising money, 236, 237 
Benevolence, see Beneficence 
Bias, 

amount of material required for, 
113-115 

corner of material used for, 110, 111 

fuU-length, 108, 109, 111, 112 

illustrations of, 108, 110, 111, 113, 
114 

width along the, 109, 113 

width through the, 109 
Bibliography, 261 
Bluefish, 

fuel value of, 158 
Bonds, 209^, 215, 219 

accrued interest on, 210 

definition of, 209 

market value of, 210 

names of, 209 

U.S.Liberty, 210,211,212 



Borrowing, 

chapter on, 228^ 

education, to pay for, 206, 216, 240, 
241 

home, to pay for, 219^ 

Morris Plan Co., 228, 229 

see also Amortization, Bonds, Build- 
ing and Loan, 

Federal farm loan. Mortgage 
Brokerage, 208 
Budgets, . 

chapter on, 14^ 

actual, 15-18, 20-22, 38, 41, 195- 
196 

clothing, 89, 92 

definition of, 13, 14 

divisions, 14, 15 

family, 13 

food, 128-130, 142-143 

higher Ufe, 193# 

household service, 84, 85 

making of, 19^ 

operation, 61-62 

personal, 18, 41, 42 

recreation, 245, 248-250 

"Suggested Budgets, " by Ellen H. 
Richards, 19 

theoretical, 14, 19 
Building and loan associations, 203^, 
209, 211, 212, 216, 217, 226-227, 
229 

dues in, 203 

value of shares in, 203 

Calcimining, 53 

Calcium, 125, 126, 129, 162-166 

illustration of foods containing, 162 

requirement per day, 163 

table of percentage of, in foods, 163 
Calories, 119, 135-139, 167-168 

100-Calorie portion, 136, 138, 143, 
144-146, 179# 

cost of, 139-144, 160-161 

definition of, 130 

number of, in dietaries, 146^, 170Jf 

per pound in foods, 175^" 

required, per individual, 130-134 

265 



266 



INDEX 



Carbohydrates, 124 

fuel value of, 167-169, 170 

fuel value per gram and per ounce, 
167 

table of percentage of, in foods, 
175ff 
Cash accounts, 

balance, 30, 31 

definition of, 30 

directions for keeping, 30 

examples of, 31-34 
Cereals, 

budget allowance for, 129 

100-Calorie portion of, 144 

daily requirement, 126 

fuel value of, 137 

value of, in diet, 124-126 
Charts, 

see Graphs. 
Chemise, 96 
Classified accounts, 

see Journal-ledger accounts. 
Cleanness, 

cost of, 83, 84 . 
Clothing, 

bias trimming, 108^ 

cost of, 90-96, 99, 100, 102, 115 
116 

definition of, in budget, 15 

economy in, 92-96, 115, 116 

example of budget for, 91-92 

family budgets, 19, 89-91 

personal budgets, 89-92, 115, 116 

ready-made versus home-made, 93- 
96, 115, 116 

ruffles, 104, 105-108, 114 

skirts, 96-98 

tucks, 102-105, 106, 107, 108 

waists, 98-102 

see also Garments. 
Concrete work, 53 
Corn-syrup, 
fuel value of, 138 
Corporation, definition of, 206 
Curtains, 63-71, 108 

depreciation of, 62, 63 

illustrations showing materials for, 
70 

Death-rate, 230-234 
Depreciation, 

automobile, 48 

furnishings, 62, 63, 71 

houses, 46, 48, 49-50 



Dietaries, 

chapter on, 146j^ 

calculating fuel-value of, 148#, 170 

examples of, 127-128, 157-160 

form for calculating fuel value of, 
150, 152 

general directions for planning, 126 

minimum, 159 

planning of, 126#, 166 

principles of, 124;^ 
Drawing to scale, 

see Working plans. 
Dressmaking, 115, 116 

chapter on, 93^ 

see also Clothing garments 

Economy, 

clothing, 28, 92, 93-96, 115, 116 

electricity, 81-82 

floor-coverings, 72-74 

food, 27-30, 122, 123, 139-144, 159 
161 

gas, 77-78 

household furnishings, 63-67 

housework, 83, 84 

per cent, of increase, 28-30 

per cent, of saving, 26, 28 

purchasing, 26^ 

wages paid for service, 85 
Education, 206, 216, 229 

chapter on, 237^ 

cost of, 240-241 

definition of, in budget, 193 
Electricity, 

appliances using, 81 

chapter on, 78^ 

economy in using, 81, 82 

kilowatt-hours, 78-82 

Ughts, 81-82 

meter for, 78-80 

rate for, 78-82 

.watts of, 78, 80, 81 
Equations, 

axioms, 254 

chapter on, 253^ 
Exercise, 

see Work. 
Extremes, 255 

Farm loan, 

see Federal farm loan. 
Fats, 

budget allowance for, 129 

100-Calorie portion. 136 



INDEX 



267 



Fats, daily requirement, 126 
fuel value of, 167-169, 170 
fuel value per gram and per ounce, 

167 
table of percentage of, in foods, 

175# 
value of, in diet, 124-126 
Fat-Soluble A, 

see Vitamines. 
Federal farm loan, 220, 223, 224, 225 
Floor-coverings, 
chapter on, 72^ 
carpeting, 72-73 
linoleum, 73-74 
matting, 72-73 
Flooring, 

chapter on, 54^ 
cost of laying, 56 
linoleum versus, 74 
Foods, 

body-building function of, 125-126, 

ISOff 
budgets, 19, 128-130, 142-144 
calculation of fuel value of, by 

grams, 170 
100-Calorie portion of, 136, 138, 

143, lUff, 179#_ 
100-Calorie portion of (table), 
• .179J7 
chemical composition of 137, 162 

166, imff, 175^- 
cost of, 122, 123, 127, 129, 130, 138- 

139, 139#, 159-161, 166, 184^ 
form for calculation of fuel value 

of, 168 
fuel value of, 125-126, 130^, 136#, 

167#, 175# 
groups of, 126, 129, 141 
minerals in, 125-126, 162^ 
price list of, 184^ 
substitutions, 160^ 
weight of common measures of, 188 
. see also Dietaries, Economy (food). 

Marketing, Recipes, Weights and 

measures. 
Fruits, 

budget allowance for, 129 
100-Calorie portions of, 138 
daily requirement, 126 
minerals in, 125, 126, 162-164 
value of, in diet, 125-126 
vitamines in, 125, 126, 130 
Fuel, 75 

bodily use of, 124, 126, 130-134 



Fuel, cost of foods as sources of, 139^^ 

electricity, 78-81 

gas, 75-78 

value of foods, 136#, 167^' 

value of foods per pound, table of, 

175# 
see also Calories. 
Furnishings, 

depreciation in the value of, 62, 63, 

71 
insurance of 62-63 
inventory of, 63 

linen, bedding and curtains, 62, 63^ 
taxes, 62 

Garments, 

amount of material for, 93^, 96^^ 

trimming for, 102^ 

see also Clothing. 
Gas, 

chapter on, 75^ 

appliances using, 77-78 

economy in use of, 77, 78 

electricity versus, 81, 82 

Ughts, 77-78 

meter for, 75-76 

rate for, 75, 76 
Graphs, 

charts, 24, 25, 135, 165, 231, 238 . 

income, 23^ 

increase and decrease in prices, 29- 
30, 116 

introduction to, 23-25 

one variable, 23-24, 78, 81, 82, 116, 
140, 142, 165-166, 167, 231-233, 
238, 239, 247, 248, 249, 250 

two variables, 233-234 

unit, 23, 24, 25 

Health, 

chapter on, 230^ 

definition of, in budget, 193 

expenditures for, 18 

graphic representation of, 231 J" 

insurance for, 232, 234-235 
Hems, 98 
Higher life, 

budget for, 19, 193^ 

definition of, in budget, 15 

score card for, 193 

see also Beneficence, Education, 
Health, Investments, Recreation, 
Savings. 



268 



INDEX 



Home, 

borrowing money to pay for, 219- 
221, 222j^ 

buying a, 219^ 

expense of owning, 20, 46, 49^, 227 

value of in relation to income, 221 
Hominy, 

fuel value of, 161 
Housing associations, 225-227 

Incomes, 

annual, ISJ' 

budget divisions of, 14-22 

distribution of, in U. S., 22, 23, 24, 
26 

graphic representation of, 23^ 

housework, value as, 82-84 

relation of, to value of a home, 221 

United States, 22^ 
Incidentals, 

budgets for, 15 

definition of, in budget, 193 
Increase in cost of living, 28-30, 116 
Installment plan, 

furniture, buying, 229 

home, buymg a, 220-227 
Insurance, 

accident, 234-235 

beneficiary, 213 

definition of, 48 

endowment pohcy, 213, 214, 215, 
216, 217, 240 

face value of policy defined, 48 

fire, 46, 48#, 49, 50, 62, 63, 223 

government, 217-218, 234, 235 

legal reserve, 213 

life, 199, 212^, 227 

hmited payment life policy, 213, 
214, 215 

mutual, 213 

poUcy for, 48 

premium for, 48, 213 

rate for, 48 

sickness, 234-235 

soldiers, 217-18 

table of rates, 214 

term policy, 213, 217, 218 

whole life policy, 213, 214, 215, 216, 
227 
Interest on money 

compound, 196^, 215 

expense of owning a home, 49-50 

investments, 196^ 

tables, compound, 196, 197 



Inventory of household furnishings, 63 
Investment, 196^ 

see also Annuities, Bonds, Life 
insurance. Property, Stocks. 
Iron, 126, 162-166 

illustration of foods containing, 162, 

165 
requirement per day, 163 
table of percentage of, in foods, 
163 

Journal-ledger accounts, 
definition of, 34 
directions for keeping, 34 
example, 35 
personal, 39-42 
summary sheet, 36-39 

Kilogram, 130, 133, 134 

Kilowatt-hours, 78-82 

Lard, 

chemical composition of, 169 
Lathing, 53 

Liberty bonds, 210, 211, 212 
Life insurance, 212jff 
Linen, 63-71 

depreciation in value of, 71 

illustrations showing table, 69 

illustrations showing toweling, 64, 
66, 67 

length Oi towels, 64, 65 

ready-made versus home-made, 65 

sales of, 63 

table, 68, 69, 71 

Marketing 

chapter on, 122^ 
Meals, 

see Dietaries. 
Means, 255 
Measurements, 

rules for, with yardstick or tape, 
50-51 
Menus, 

examples of, 151^, 164, 173-174 

planning of, 160j^, 166 

see also Dietaries. 
Metric system, 119, 133, 134, 169 

equivalent measures, 190 

table of, 189# 
Middy blouses, 102 
Milk, 

budget allowance for, 129 

calcium in, 125, 162, 163 



INDEX 



269 



Milk,children, for growth of, 125 

minerals in, 125, 126, 163 

protein in, 124, 126, 146 

vitamines in, 125, 126, 130 

weight of, 120, 186, 188 
Minerals in foods, 124, 125, 129, 162# 

see also Ash constituents, Calcium, 
Iron. 
Morris Plan Company, 228, 229 
Mortgage, 219-221, 222-227 

amortization, definition of, 220 

amortization table, 222 

Nightgown, 96, 98 

Oil, Salad, 

fuel value of, 142 
Oleomargarine, 

fuel value of, 141 
Olive oil, 

chemical composition of, 169 
Operation, 

chapter on, 61ff 

budgets, 19, 61-62 

definition of, in budget, 15, 61 

see also Bedding, Curtains, Elec- 
tricity, Floor - coverings, Gas, 
Linens, Service. 
Orange juice, 

fuel value of, 157 

Painting, 

chapter on, 54 
Papering, 

chapter on, 5&ff 

samples of wall-paper, 57 
Per cent, of increase, 28-30, 116 

definition of, 28 
Per cent, of saving, 27-28 

clothing, 92 

definition of, 27 

food, 122, 123, 143-144 

sheeting, 68 
Petticoats, 96, 98 
Phosphorus, 162-166 

requirement per day, 163 

table of percentage of, in foods, 163 
Pillow-cases 

see Bedding. 
Plastering, 53 
Play census, 246 
Price list, 184^ 
Property, 219^ 
Proportion, 255^ 

rules for forming, 256 



Protein, 124, 146, 148, 167, 168 
Calories yielded by, 147^, 167jf, 

179# 
fuel value per gram and per ounce, 

167 
table of percentage of, in foods, 

175# 
Prunes, 

chemical composition of, 172 
fuel value of, 141 

Ratio, 255 

Recipes, 121, 122, 138, 172-173, 183 

altered, 121, 122 

form for calculation of fuel value of, 
171 

fuel-value of, 138, 170# 
Recreation, 

chapter on, 241 J" 

budget, 245, 247, 248, 249 

cost of, 242^ 

definition of, in budget, 193 

equipment for sports, 242, 245 

parks, 248, 250 

taxes for, 248-250 
Refuse in foods, 123, 167 

table of percentage of, in foods, 175^ 
Rent, 

budgets, 19, 20 

estimates for, 45, 46 

improvements in relation to, 46 

owning a home versus, 50 

rules for estimating cost of repairs, 
45, 46 
Repairs, 

chapter on, 52^ 

calcimining, 53 

expense of owning home, 49, 50 

flooring, 54^ 

general, 45, 46 

lathing, plastering and concrete 
work, 53 

painting, 54 

papering, 54j^ 

rules for estimating cost of, 45, 46 

working plans for, 50^ 
Richards, Ellen H. 

"Suggested Budgets," by, 19 
Rufl3es, 104, 105-108, 114 

Savings, 

chapter on, 196^ 

bank, 198, 200#, 204, 205, 209, 211, 
212 



270 



INDEX 



Savings, expenditure for, .15-18 

postal, 199jf 

see also Building and Loan Associ- 
ation, Investments. 
Service, 

chapter on, 82^^ 

budget allowance for, 84-85 
Sheets, 

see Bedding. 
Shelter, 

cost of, 45# 

definition of, in budget, 15 

see also Flooring, Home, Insurance 
(fire). Painting, Papering, Re- 
pairs, Taxes. 
Sickness, 

cost of, 234-235 

insurance for, 234j^ 

payment for, 229 

statistics, 230, 233, 234 
Skirts, 96-98 
Standard portion, 

definition of, 144, 

see 100-Calorie portion. 
Statistics, 

budgets for cities, 247-250 

budgets for families, 15-18 

cost of living, 39 

graphic representation of, 23-26, 
231-234 

income, 22, 23, 24, 26 

play, 246 

population and area of cities, 249 

recreation budgets for cities, 247- 
250 

sickness, 230, 232-234 

vital, 231-234 

wage, 239 
Stocks, 206#, 211 

brokerage, 208 

common, 207 

definition of, 206 

dividends, definition of, 206 

market value of, 207 

par value of, 207 

preferred, 207 

quotations for, 207 

Tables, 

amortization, 222 

ash constituents of foods, 163 

average composition of common 

American food products, 175^ 
budget allowance for clothing, 89 



Tables, 100-Calorie portions of com- 
mon foods, 179# 

compound interest, 196, 197 

division of family income by per- 
centages, 19 

electricity consumed in different 
appliances, 81 

equipment for sports, 242, 243 

food budgets, 129 

food groups and directions for plan- 
ning meals, 126 

fuel requirements, 131 

fuel value of food materials (gra- 
phic), 135 

fuel value of foods per pound, 
175# 

gas used in different types of burn- 
ers, 77 

life insurance rates, 214 

price Hst, 184^ 

weight of common measures of food 
materials, 188 

weights and measures, 120, 184.^ 
Taxes, 

assessment of, 46-47, 48 

expense of owning a home, 49, 50 

parks and playgrounds, 248-^250 

personal property, 62 

rate of, 47, 48 

rental in relation to 45, 46 
Thrift, 

see Economy. 
Towels, 

see Linen. 
Tucks, 102-105, 106, 107, 108 

illustrations of, 103, 104 

receiving, 102-105 . 

Vegetables, 

budget allowance for, 129 
100-Calorie portions of, 143 
daily requirement, 126 
minerals in, 125, 126, 162-164 
value of, in diet, 12 
vitamines in, 125, 126, 130 

Vegetarian, 161 

Vital statistics, 230-234 

Vitamines, 125, 126, 129, 130 

Wages, 13, 14, 24, 234, 235 

in relation to education, 239-240 
loss of, due to sickness, 234-235 
service rendered for, 61, 62, 84, 85 

Waists, 98-102 



INDEX 



271 



War Saving Stamps, 198 
Waste, 55 
Water-Soluble B, 

see Vitamines. 
Watts, 78-81 • 
Weight, 

children, 134 

men, 134 

women, 134 
Weights, 

conversion of metric system to 
English system and vice versa, 
133, 134, 169 

see also Weights and measures. 
Weights and measures, 

chapter on, 119^ 



Weights and measures, abbreviations 
for, 120 

English system of, 119, 189^" 

equivalents, 120, 184j^, 190 

food materials, table of, 120, 184^, 
188 

metric system of, 119, 189^ 

table of, 120, 189^" 
Work (bodily), 126, 131, 132 

degrees of, 132 
Workage, 55 
Working plans, 

drawing to scale and reading of jSOJ' 

example of, 52 

notation for, 51 

rules for measurements for, 50-51 



